著者

五十嵐 芹菜

出版者

東京女子大学言語文化研究会

雑誌

東京女子大学言語文化研究 (ISSN:09187766)

巻号頁・発行日

no.30, pp.1-30, 2022-03-31

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本研究は、日本語の語形成の一種である短縮について論じる。先行研究から、日本語の複合語短縮では短縮された語の多くが 4 モーラ語であり、その大半が短縮される前の複合語の前部要素の語頭 2 モーラと後部要素の語頭 2 モーラを結合したものであるなど、いくつかの形成パターンが明らかになっている。本研究は、アニメーション作品の題名における短縮語形成を分析し、先行研究で明らかにされていない 3 要素以上からなる複合語(多要素複合語)や句、文の単位においてどのような短縮語形成パターンがあるのか、その形成要因および特徴はどのようなものか、また、短縮語形成時にどのような要素が残されるのかを分析、考察することが目的である。近年のアニメーション作品 456 作品を調査し、得られた短縮された名称、合計 276 事例を分析対象とした。短縮された名称を作品名の構成単位ごとに、単純語、複合語、多要素複合語、句、文に分類し、それぞれについてモーラ数や形成パターン、変音現象、形態素などの観点から分析を行った。分析の結果、アニメーション作品の題名における短縮語形成では、「語頭 2 モーラ+語頭 2モーラ」の 4 モーラ語の形成が最も生産性が高いことが分かった。多要素複合語、句、文における短縮語形成では、複合語の短縮語形成と異なり 5 モーラ以上の語も一定の割合で形成されることなどが分かった。また、短縮語として残される要素は固有名詞が優先され、固有名詞が無い場合は 2 語以上を結合し短縮する傾向があると明らかになった。

著者

石川 なつ美

出版者

東京女子大学言語文化研究会

雑誌

東京女子大学言語文化研究 (ISSN:09187766)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, pp.21-35, 2016-03-01

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It is thought that the Japanese adjective kawaii is a very popular word among young women in Japan. However, its clear definition remains to be seen. The purpose of this study is a discussion about what kawaii represents these days. Kawaii is related to the user’s values, and analyzing this adjective can reveal evidence that helps us to know changes in people’s values, surroundings, and culture.

著者

片山 萌

出版者

東京女子大学言語文化研究会

雑誌

東京女子大学言語文化研究 (ISSN:09187766)

巻号頁・発行日

no.30, pp.31-58, 2022-03-31

著者

石川 なつ美

出版者

東京女子大学言語文化研究会

雑誌

言語文化研究 = Studies in language and culture (ISSN:09187766)

巻号頁・発行日

no.24, pp.21-35, 2016-03

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It is thought that the Japanese adjective kawaii is a very popular word among young women in Japan. However, its clear definition remains to be seen. The purpose of this study is a discussion about what kawaii represents these days. Kawaii is related to the user's values, and analyzing this adjective can reveal evidence that helps us to know changes in people's values, surroundings, and culture.In the second section of this review, I set three points of view based on previous studies: about the exterior and the interior of an object, about the function to reduce the friction in conversations, and about an expression of Japanese culture. In the third section, I explain my research which used the following approach. I analyzed contextual search results in which kawaii is used in the Shonagon corpus. These contents included: a sample of young women's conversations, search results of pictures about kawaii for people in other countries, and contents of Japan Expo―a Japanese culture expo in France. In the fourth section, I collated data of the research, and in the fifth section, examined the results.The results of my analysis clearly shows that kawaii has more uses than before. In addition to the function of conveying the sense of lovely, kawaii is used: 1) to express adoration of what the user is pleased with, 2) to provide topics and give responses in conversation, and 3) to describe Japanese culture, especially, colorful and ostentacious fashion and goods. The word kawaii was used in ancient times by those who were in the higher social position rather than those of lower social standing. However, today, it has come to be a word which everyone uses easily regardless of age or gender, and in foreign countries, it is recognized as a word which expresses a characteristic part of Japanese popular culture. The result of this study hopefully will give an insight into the change in meaning and usage of kawaii in the future.

著者

関口 秋香

出版者

東京女子大学言語文化研究会

雑誌

言語文化研究 = Studies in language and culture (ISSN:09187766)

巻号頁・発行日

no.25, pp.32-46, 2016-11

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The aim of this paper is to contrast stereotypical utterances ("yakuwari-go") of characters in Japanese and American animated films. It focuses on so-called women's language and its frequency in Disney movies which feature princesses and Ghibli movies whose main characters are girls. It attempts to answer three questions. (1) What are the differences between the stereotypical utterances in Disney and Studio Ghibli movies? (2) What historical changes are there in the frequency of use of women's language? (3) What can be said about these changes, considering the fact that stereotypical utterances reflect social stereotypes? To answer the first question, linguistic features of the words used by the characters in the Disney movies and Ghibli movies were examined. To answer the second question, the frequencies of occurrence of women's language in heroines' utterances were found, and to answer the third question, the\r historical changes in the use of women's language in the movies are examined against the social background of the U. S. A. and Japan. The results show that Disney movies make use of differences between General American and British pronunciation, as well as very colloquial or non-standard forms (such as -in' for -ing) and slang to distinguish characters. On the other hand, Japanese stereotypical utterances mainly employ different personal pronouns, and characteristic sentence endings. The frequency of women's language used by the heroines dropped sharply after 1989 in Disney movies and after 1997 in Ghibli movies. The use of women's language in the movies suggests that changes in the stereotypical image of women started earlier in Disney\r movies than in Ghibli movies.

著者

関口 秋香

出版者

東京女子大学言語文化研究会

雑誌

東京女子大学言語文化研究 (ISSN:09187766)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, pp.32-46, 2016-11-01

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The aim of this paper is to contrast stereotypical utterances (“yakuwari-go”) of characters in Japanese and American animated films. It focuses on so-called women’s language and its frequency in Disney movies which feature princesses and Ghibli movies whose main characters are girls. It attempts to answer three questions. (1) What are the differences between the stereotypical utterances in Disney and Studio Ghibli movies? (2) What historical changes are there in the frequency of use of women’s language? (3) What can be said about these changes, considering the fact that stereotypical utterances reflect social stereotypes? To answer the first question, linguistic features of the words used by the characters in the Disney movies and Ghibli movies were examined. To answer the second question, the frequencies of occurrence of women’s language in heroines’ utterances were found, and to answer the third question, the historical changes in the use of women’s language in the movies are examined against the social background of the U. S. A. and Japan. The results show that Disney movies make use of differences between General American and British pronunciation, as well as very colloquial or non-standard forms (such as -in’ for -ing) and slang to distinguish characters. On the other hand, Japanese stereotypical utterances mainly employ different personal pronouns, and characteristic sentence endings. The frequency of women’s language used by the heroines dropped sharply after 1989 in Disney movies and after 1997 in Ghibli movies. The use of women’s language in the movies suggests that changes in the stereotypical image of women started earlier in Disney movies than in Ghibli movies.

著者

中津川 ゆき

出版者

東京女子大学言語文化研究会

雑誌

東京女子大学言語文化研究 (ISSN:09187766)

巻号頁・発行日

no.30, pp.89-116, 2022-03-31

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This article inquires into Japanese and English color terms, focusing on the words for ‘red’ and related color terms as used in Japan and the UK. Six Japanese color terms and four English color terms were selected, and research was done to determine how Japanese and English speakers use those different terms for different purposes.The results have revealed that Japanese categorization of the color terms in question differs from the way in which English categorizes its color terms. Japanese color terms are based on materials used to create the colors, while English categorization focuses on the differences in color tone. An inquiry was also done to analyze the usage of these terms in Japanese and English literature, classifying the objects described by the color terms into four groups: body-parts, clothes, other physical objects, and abstract notions. The results show that basic color terms ‘aka’ and ‘red’ are used for wider ranges of objects than other color terms.

著者

嶋田 麻美

出版者

東京女子大学言語文化研究会

雑誌

東京女子大学言語文化研究 (ISSN:09187766)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, pp.93-103, 2015-03-01

著者

藤原 釆音

出版者

東京女子大学言語文化研究会

雑誌

東京女子大学言語文化研究 (ISSN:09187766)

巻号頁・発行日

no.28, pp.77-106, 2020-03-01

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Memorizing English vocabulary is an obligatory task for English learners, but there are few studies about the relationship between English vocabulary retention and color. This study therefore investigates effects of text colors on the memorization of English vocabulary. It specifically focuses on examining what influence the Stroop Effect may have. The Stroop Effect occurs when the color of a text and the meaning of that text are contradictory.Ninety-nine students at Tokyo Woman’s Christian University were tested twice on their ability to memorize L2 vocabulary items and their definitions. These subjects were divided into five groups according to the color of the texts in two tests. The first three groups were presented with texts in either black, red, or blue. The fourth group was presented with positive-meaning words colored in red and negativemeaning words colored in blue; and the fifth group was presented with texts in the reverse pattern.The results suggest that, regardless of the Stroop Effect, presenting words in different colors negatively influences the participants’ ability to memorize vocabulary, as Groups 4 and 5 scored lowest on both tests. Group 2, who were presented with red texts, also scored low, while Group 1, who were presented with black texts, scored the highest. These findings indicate that unaccentuated black texts are the best format for presenting vocabulary items to learners.

著者

大城 玲奈

出版者

東京女子大学言語文化研究会

雑誌

言語文化研究 = Studies in language and culture (ISSN:09187766)

巻号頁・発行日

no.23, pp.36-51, 2015-03

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The second part of this article reports on a survey of the use of iku in the Hichiku dialect.Nine native speakers of the dialect were interviewed to find the criteria they have on the‶closeness"that allows the use of kuru when the speaker is approaching the hearer. There are three important findings. (1) These speakers share the tendency to regard family members and close friends as well as events in future up to the following week as"close."(2) They classify goals in terms of psychological rather than physical distance from the speaker. (3) There are individual differences among native speakers.

著者

大里 彩乃

出版者

東京女子大学言語文化研究会

雑誌

東京女子大学言語文化研究 (ISSN:09187766)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, pp.1-16, 2014-03-01

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Reduplication is the repetition of all or part of a word and is one of the most basic word formation processes. Reproduction is not limited to onomatopoeia, and reduplicated words have many grammatical functions. They appear not only in Japanese but also in other languages.

著者

石川 なつ美

出版者

東京女子大学言語文化研究会

雑誌

東京女子大学言語文化研究 (ISSN:09187766)

巻号頁・発行日

no.24, pp.21-35, 2016-03-01

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It is thought that the Japanese adjective kawaii is a very popular word among young women in Japan. However, its clear definition remains to be seen. The purpose of this study is a discussion about what kawaii represents these days. Kawaii is related to the user's values, and analyzing this adjective can reveal evidence that helps us to know changes in people's values, surroundings, and culture.In the second section of this review, I set three points of view based on previous studies: about the exterior and the interior of an object, about the function to reduce the friction in conversations, and about an expression of Japanese culture. In the third section, I explain my research which used the following approach. I analyzed contextual search results in which kawaii is used in the Shonagon corpus. These contents included: a sample of young women's conversations, search results of pictures about kawaii for people in other countries, and contents of Japan Expo―a Japanese culture expo in France. In the fourth section, I collated data of the research, and in the fifth section, examined the results.The results of my analysis clearly shows that kawaii has more uses than before. In addition to the function of conveying the sense of lovely, kawaii is used: 1) to express adoration of what the user is pleased with, 2) to provide topics and give responses in conversation, and 3) to describe Japanese culture, especially, colorful and ostentacious fashion and goods. The word kawaii was used in ancient times by those who were in the higher social position rather than those of lower social standing. However, today, it has come to be a word which everyone uses easily regardless of age or gender, and in foreign countries, it is recognized as a word which expresses a characteristic part of Japanese popular culture. The result of this study hopefully will give an insight into the change in meaning and usage of kawaii in the future.

著者

仲山 可那子

出版者

東京女子大学言語文化研究会

雑誌

東京女子大学言語文化研究 (ISSN:09187766)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, pp.137-159, 2018-12-25

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Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone (1997), written by J. K. Rowling, is one of the most popular works of children’s literature. While it is a fantasy story, there are also some real aspects of British children’s lifestyles. The present article examines how some aspects of British children’s lives are represented in the Japanese translation by Yuko Matsuoka.First, in order to compare the original and its Japanese translation, some translated sentences containing the elements of British culture were selected. When choosing these sentences, additions and omissions in the translation were focused on. Next, these samples were classified into (1) school life, (2) daily life, or (3)connotation. Additions seem to explain and emphasize things peculiar to Britain. However, they are not always sufficient to explain and emphasize the significance of British culture in the original story, and some omissions appear to be unnecessary. In addition, it was found that the images evoked by characters’ names in the original language are sometimes difficult to retain in translation.The examination shows that Matsuoka was conscious of the importance of the cultural background of the story, helping Japanese readers to understand British culture, and thereby preventing certain significances peculiar to Britain from being lost in translation. Still, it is difficult to reflect the author’s intention in translation.

著者

OKAZAWA Sachiyo

出版者

東京女子大学言語文化研究会

雑誌

東京女子大学言語文化研究 (ISSN:09187766)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, pp.52-66, 0000

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本論文は、第二言語学習者の発話におけるポーズとフィラーの特徴について調査を行ったものである。日本語を母語とし、英語を第二言語として学ぶ東京女子大学の学生32人を調査対象とした。被験者に二種類のセリフのないコマーシャルを見せ、そのストーリーを日本語、英語の両方で説明させるという実験を実施し、そのデータを元に量的および質的分析を試みた。その結果、ポーズの頻度に焦点を当てた場合は、日本語より英語の方が約2倍、ポーズが多いことが明らかになった。また、日本語の発話ではフィラーが、英語の発話では繰り返し表現が多く観察された。これは、被験者が日本語の発話で使われるフィラーと同じように、英語の発話において繰り返し表現を使用する可能性を示唆している。一方、日本語と英語の発話を比べた場合、繰り返し表現とフィラーにおいては明らかな量の違いが見られ、沈黙において違いは比較的少なく、訂正表現においては微量の違いしか見られなかった。訂正表現を除く、フィラー、繰り返し表現、沈黙には二言語間での相互作用が認められた。質的分析においては、ポーズの種類によってその特徴や機能も様々であることが明らかになった。以上の結果から、学習者が母語を話す場面と第二言語を話す場面では、ポーズとフィラーの特徴や機能は変化すると考えられる。今後の研究では、被験者の幅をより広げる必要がある。加えて、第二言語のスピーキング能力および使用するビデオのレベルの計測方法をより確実なものにすることが望まれる。

著者

UCHIBORI Chie

出版者

東京女子大学言語文化研究会

雑誌

東京女子大学言語文化研究 (ISSN:09187766)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, pp.16-35, 0000

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この論文では、戦後の中学校の学習指導要領を分析することで、日本の英語教育の変遷を考察した。中学校は義務教育であり、その中で英語教育は途中から必修科目に変わったものの、戦後からずっと英語は学ばれてきた。学習指導要領は英語教育をどのような目的をもって行うのかが規定されているため、それを分析することで日本の英語教育の変遷を知ることができる。この論文では、学習指導要領を1)言語の4技能、2)コミュニケーション能力、3)国際理解、4)教育内容の政策の4つのキーワードに絞って分析した。この4つの問題の分析から、学習指導要領の英語に関する記述はその内容から3つの時代区分に分けられることがわかった。第1期(1947-1958):言語とその文化をともに学ぶことが目的第2期(1969-1977):実際的な外国語教授法が反映された内容へ変化第3期(1989-2012):知識としてではなく英語を実際に使えるようになることが目的国際理解の面でも、英語圏の人々についてだけではなく、日本も含めた世界を知ることに対象が変わってきた。つまり、日本の英語教育の目的は、次第に使えるようになるために言語そのものを学ぶことと、国際情勢を知るためのそれぞれに明確になった。すなわち言語面での目的は英語の実用能力の育成へと具体化され、他方、国際理解がはっきりと打ち出されるようになってきた変遷が明らかになった。