著者

五十嵐 芹菜

出版者

東京女子大学言語文化研究会

雑誌

東京女子大学言語文化研究 (ISSN:09187766)

巻号頁・発行日

no.30, pp.1-30, 2022-03-31

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本研究は、日本語の語形成の一種である短縮について論じる。先行研究から、日本語の複合語短縮では短縮された語の多くが 4 モーラ語であり、その大半が短縮される前の複合語の前部要素の語頭 2 モーラと後部要素の語頭 2 モーラを結合したものであるなど、いくつかの形成パターンが明らかになっている。本研究は、アニメーション作品の題名における短縮語形成を分析し、先行研究で明らかにされていない 3 要素以上からなる複合語(多要素複合語)や句、文の単位においてどのような短縮語形成パターンがあるのか、その形成要因および特徴はどのようなものか、また、短縮語形成時にどのような要素が残されるのかを分析、考察することが目的である。近年のアニメーション作品 456 作品を調査し、得られた短縮された名称、合計 276 事例を分析対象とした。短縮された名称を作品名の構成単位ごとに、単純語、複合語、多要素複合語、句、文に分類し、それぞれについてモーラ数や形成パターン、変音現象、形態素などの観点から分析を行った。分析の結果、アニメーション作品の題名における短縮語形成では、「語頭 2 モーラ+語頭 2モーラ」の 4 モーラ語の形成が最も生産性が高いことが分かった。多要素複合語、句、文における短縮語形成では、複合語の短縮語形成と異なり 5 モーラ以上の語も一定の割合で形成されることなどが分かった。また、短縮語として残される要素は固有名詞が優先され、固有名詞が無い場合は 2 語以上を結合し短縮する傾向があると明らかになった。

著者

石川 なつ美

出版者

東京女子大学言語文化研究会

雑誌

東京女子大学言語文化研究 (ISSN:09187766)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, pp.21-35, 2016-03-01

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It is thought that the Japanese adjective kawaii is a very popular word among young women in Japan. However, its clear definition remains to be seen. The purpose of this study is a discussion about what kawaii represents these days. Kawaii is related to the user’s values, and analyzing this adjective can reveal evidence that helps us to know changes in people’s values, surroundings, and culture.

著者

片山 萌

出版者

東京女子大学言語文化研究会

雑誌

東京女子大学言語文化研究 (ISSN:09187766)

巻号頁・発行日

no.30, pp.31-58, 2022-03-31

著者

石川 なつ美

出版者

東京女子大学言語文化研究会

雑誌

言語文化研究 = Studies in language and culture (ISSN:09187766)

巻号頁・発行日

no.24, pp.21-35, 2016-03

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It is thought that the Japanese adjective kawaii is a very popular word among young women in Japan. However, its clear definition remains to be seen. The purpose of this study is a discussion about what kawaii represents these days. Kawaii is related to the user's values, and analyzing this adjective can reveal evidence that helps us to know changes in people's values, surroundings, and culture.In the second section of this review, I set three points of view based on previous studies: about the exterior and the interior of an object, about the function to reduce the friction in conversations, and about an expression of Japanese culture. In the third section, I explain my research which used the following approach. I analyzed contextual search results in which kawaii is used in the Shonagon corpus. These contents included: a sample of young women's conversations, search results of pictures about kawaii for people in other countries, and contents of Japan Expo―a Japanese culture expo in France. In the fourth section, I collated data of the research, and in the fifth section, examined the results.The results of my analysis clearly shows that kawaii has more uses than before. In addition to the function of conveying the sense of lovely, kawaii is used: 1) to express adoration of what the user is pleased with, 2) to provide topics and give responses in conversation, and 3) to describe Japanese culture, especially, colorful and ostentacious fashion and goods. The word kawaii was used in ancient times by those who were in the higher social position rather than those of lower social standing. However, today, it has come to be a word which everyone uses easily regardless of age or gender, and in foreign countries, it is recognized as a word which expresses a characteristic part of Japanese popular culture. The result of this study hopefully will give an insight into the change in meaning and usage of kawaii in the future.

著者

藤田 淑子

雑誌

東京女子大学言語文化研究 (ISSN:09187766)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, pp.39-55, 2010-03-01

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Mongolian language is said to be one of the easiest languages to master for Japanese people,for there is a close resemblance between the two languages in regards to word order. However,its sounds are very different from Japanese ones. The purpose of this thesis is to research the Mongolian phonology with the help of a Mongolian consultant and audio materials.Among the various dialects in the vast region of Mongolia, the major one is Khalkha Mongolian spoken in Mongolia, which uses Cyrillic alphabet for writing. This study is about Khalkha Mongolian, which is the official language in Mongolia.Mongolian phonology is a little bit more complicated than Japanese. There are seven cardinal short vowels in Mongolian, whereas Japanese has five. About half of the authors of the Mongolian language textbooks for beginners write the pronunciation in five katakanas.However, it is hard to describe the seven sounds with the five letters. Concerning the consonants, there are some strongly aspirated consonants in Mongolian. It is hard to distinguish where the place of the articulation of the sound is, because Japanese does not have that kind of aspiration.

著者

屋名池 誠

出版者

東京女子大学

雑誌

東京女子大学言語文化研究 (ISSN:09187766)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, pp.133-136, 2007

著者

渡邊 安理沙

雑誌

東京女子大学言語文化研究 (ISSN:09187766)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, pp.78-91, 2012-03-01

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Today, there are innumerable advertisements in a wide variety of media such as television, newspapers and the Internet. Advertisements are sensitive to changes in society and in people's tastes as they have a strong impact on consumption.This article has two purposes. One is to investigate men's and women's lifestyles as reflected in phrases used in advertisements between 1955 and 2009. The other is to show the relationship between changes in lifestyles and changes in society. Five hundred advertisements related to the theme of this paper were analysed. They were taken from (1) the Annual Report on Dentsu Advertising Awards, (2) Monthly Newspaper Ads [compact edition], and (3) Copira,an Internet advertisement search site. The advertisements were divided into 11 five-year periods, and the characteristics of each of the periods was summarised. Finally, the mutual influence of the advertisements and society is considered.The results show that advertisements and society are closely related. Basic trends and people's tastes appear to be timeless, even though new lifestyles are introduced one after another. A strong women image, e.g., a career women, has also appeared in advertisements,reflecting women's advancement in society. In contrast, sweet-tempered men, who help theirwives with housework, have also appeared. Thus, advertisements clearly show the differencesin men's and women's lifestyles as well as the changes in the economy and society.

著者

関口 秋香

出版者

東京女子大学言語文化研究会

雑誌

言語文化研究 = Studies in language and culture (ISSN:09187766)

巻号頁・発行日

no.25, pp.32-46, 2016-11

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The aim of this paper is to contrast stereotypical utterances ("yakuwari-go") of characters in Japanese and American animated films. It focuses on so-called women's language and its frequency in Disney movies which feature princesses and Ghibli movies whose main characters are girls. It attempts to answer three questions. (1) What are the differences between the stereotypical utterances in Disney and Studio Ghibli movies? (2) What historical changes are there in the frequency of use of women's language? (3) What can be said about these changes, considering the fact that stereotypical utterances reflect social stereotypes? To answer the first question, linguistic features of the words used by the characters in the Disney movies and Ghibli movies were examined. To answer the second question, the frequencies of occurrence of women's language in heroines' utterances were found, and to answer the third question, the\r historical changes in the use of women's language in the movies are examined against the social background of the U. S. A. and Japan. The results show that Disney movies make use of differences between General American and British pronunciation, as well as very colloquial or non-standard forms (such as -in' for -ing) and slang to distinguish characters. On the other hand, Japanese stereotypical utterances mainly employ different personal pronouns, and characteristic sentence endings. The frequency of women's language used by the heroines dropped sharply after 1989 in Disney movies and after 1997 in Ghibli movies. The use of women's language in the movies suggests that changes in the stereotypical image of women started earlier in Disney\r movies than in Ghibli movies.

著者

関口 秋香

出版者

東京女子大学言語文化研究会

雑誌

東京女子大学言語文化研究 (ISSN:09187766)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, pp.32-46, 2016-11-01

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The aim of this paper is to contrast stereotypical utterances (“yakuwari-go”) of characters in Japanese and American animated films. It focuses on so-called women’s language and its frequency in Disney movies which feature princesses and Ghibli movies whose main characters are girls. It attempts to answer three questions. (1) What are the differences between the stereotypical utterances in Disney and Studio Ghibli movies? (2) What historical changes are there in the frequency of use of women’s language? (3) What can be said about these changes, considering the fact that stereotypical utterances reflect social stereotypes? To answer the first question, linguistic features of the words used by the characters in the Disney movies and Ghibli movies were examined. To answer the second question, the frequencies of occurrence of women’s language in heroines’ utterances were found, and to answer the third question, the historical changes in the use of women’s language in the movies are examined against the social background of the U. S. A. and Japan. The results show that Disney movies make use of differences between General American and British pronunciation, as well as very colloquial or non-standard forms (such as -in’ for -ing) and slang to distinguish characters. On the other hand, Japanese stereotypical utterances mainly employ different personal pronouns, and characteristic sentence endings. The frequency of women’s language used by the heroines dropped sharply after 1989 in Disney movies and after 1997 in Ghibli movies. The use of women’s language in the movies suggests that changes in the stereotypical image of women started earlier in Disney movies than in Ghibli movies.

著者

山口 さずか

雑誌

東京女子大学言語文化研究 (ISSN:09187766)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, pp.56-69, 2010-03-01

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This article focuses on traditional Japanese color terms and is an inquiry into the color`purple' and related color terms as used in Japan. Although purple is an intermediate color, it has held an important meaning in Japan since ancient times, and traditionally unique names were assigned to each variation of the color purple. In this thesis, 35 traditional colors classified as variations of purple were selected, and research was done to determine how present day Japanese people would describe these colors.The results of this research have revealed that the traditional Japanese categorization of these colors differs from the way in which present day Japanese categorize these colors. Even colors which at one time were clearly identified and classified together are now described in a variety of differing terms by modern Japanese people and are no longer recognized as unique colors in their own right. Additionally, color tones which were considered bright in ancient times tend to be described as darker colors by present-day people.

著者

山中 靖子

雑誌

東京女子大学言語文化研究 (ISSN:09187766)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, pp.87-100, 2008-10-31

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In comparison with other languages,the Japanese language has clear sexual distinction in its words.Sexual distinction is especially outstanding in personal pronouns,such as boku and atashi, and in the end of a sentence, such as ze, zo and wa In recent years, sexual distinction in words has decreased. This is partly because women's language has changed a lot. In this thesis, by using questionnaires, I researched the actual conditions and awareness of college students in order to investigate the decrease in sexual distinction in women's language. As a result, we can see there is clear sexual distinction in the first personal pronouns, but in the second personal pronouns we can see women intentionally use men's language. In addition, in the end of a sentence, women also use men's language and the usage rate exceeds 50% in some words.This research showed that women use those words knowing they are men's language. Therefore, among the young people, the decrease in sexual distinction of language has emerged. It is because women have come to think that men's language is friendly and active. The images of ideal women have changed. Nowadays,women are not slaves of convention which forces them to be careful in their choice of words such as women's language and men's language,but they can select effective words according to circumstances.

著者

中津川 ゆき

出版者

東京女子大学言語文化研究会

雑誌

東京女子大学言語文化研究 (ISSN:09187766)

巻号頁・発行日

no.30, pp.89-116, 2022-03-31

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This article inquires into Japanese and English color terms, focusing on the words for ‘red’ and related color terms as used in Japan and the UK. Six Japanese color terms and four English color terms were selected, and research was done to determine how Japanese and English speakers use those different terms for different purposes.The results have revealed that Japanese categorization of the color terms in question differs from the way in which English categorizes its color terms. Japanese color terms are based on materials used to create the colors, while English categorization focuses on the differences in color tone. An inquiry was also done to analyze the usage of these terms in Japanese and English literature, classifying the objects described by the color terms into four groups: body-parts, clothes, other physical objects, and abstract notions. The results show that basic color terms ‘aka’ and ‘red’ are used for wider ranges of objects than other color terms.

著者

嶋田 麻美

出版者

東京女子大学言語文化研究会

雑誌

東京女子大学言語文化研究 (ISSN:09187766)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, pp.93-103, 2015-03-01

著者

藤原 釆音

出版者

東京女子大学言語文化研究会

雑誌

東京女子大学言語文化研究 (ISSN:09187766)

巻号頁・発行日

no.28, pp.77-106, 2020-03-01

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Memorizing English vocabulary is an obligatory task for English learners, but there are few studies about the relationship between English vocabulary retention and color. This study therefore investigates effects of text colors on the memorization of English vocabulary. It specifically focuses on examining what influence the Stroop Effect may have. The Stroop Effect occurs when the color of a text and the meaning of that text are contradictory.Ninety-nine students at Tokyo Woman’s Christian University were tested twice on their ability to memorize L2 vocabulary items and their definitions. These subjects were divided into five groups according to the color of the texts in two tests. The first three groups were presented with texts in either black, red, or blue. The fourth group was presented with positive-meaning words colored in red and negativemeaning words colored in blue; and the fifth group was presented with texts in the reverse pattern.The results suggest that, regardless of the Stroop Effect, presenting words in different colors negatively influences the participants’ ability to memorize vocabulary, as Groups 4 and 5 scored lowest on both tests. Group 2, who were presented with red texts, also scored low, while Group 1, who were presented with black texts, scored the highest. These findings indicate that unaccentuated black texts are the best format for presenting vocabulary items to learners.

著者

大野 温子

雑誌

東京女子大学言語文化研究 (ISSN:09187766)

巻号頁・発行日

no.19, pp.78-86, 2011-03-01

著者

大城 玲奈

出版者

東京女子大学言語文化研究会

雑誌

言語文化研究 = Studies in language and culture (ISSN:09187766)

巻号頁・発行日

no.23, pp.36-51, 2015-03

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The second part of this article reports on a survey of the use of iku in the Hichiku dialect.Nine native speakers of the dialect were interviewed to find the criteria they have on the‶closeness"that allows the use of kuru when the speaker is approaching the hearer. There are three important findings. (1) These speakers share the tendency to regard family members and close friends as well as events in future up to the following week as"close."(2) They classify goals in terms of psychological rather than physical distance from the speaker. (3) There are individual differences among native speakers.

著者

大里 彩乃

出版者

東京女子大学言語文化研究会

雑誌

東京女子大学言語文化研究 (ISSN:09187766)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, pp.1-16, 2014-03-01

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Reduplication is the repetition of all or part of a word and is one of the most basic word formation processes. Reproduction is not limited to onomatopoeia, and reduplicated words have many grammatical functions. They appear not only in Japanese but also in other languages.

著者

石川 なつ美

出版者

東京女子大学言語文化研究会

雑誌

東京女子大学言語文化研究 (ISSN:09187766)

巻号頁・発行日

no.24, pp.21-35, 2016-03-01

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It is thought that the Japanese adjective kawaii is a very popular word among young women in Japan. However, its clear definition remains to be seen. The purpose of this study is a discussion about what kawaii represents these days. Kawaii is related to the user's values, and analyzing this adjective can reveal evidence that helps us to know changes in people's values, surroundings, and culture.In the second section of this review, I set three points of view based on previous studies: about the exterior and the interior of an object, about the function to reduce the friction in conversations, and about an expression of Japanese culture. In the third section, I explain my research which used the following approach. I analyzed contextual search results in which kawaii is used in the Shonagon corpus. These contents included: a sample of young women's conversations, search results of pictures about kawaii for people in other countries, and contents of Japan Expo―a Japanese culture expo in France. In the fourth section, I collated data of the research, and in the fifth section, examined the results.The results of my analysis clearly shows that kawaii has more uses than before. In addition to the function of conveying the sense of lovely, kawaii is used: 1) to express adoration of what the user is pleased with, 2) to provide topics and give responses in conversation, and 3) to describe Japanese culture, especially, colorful and ostentacious fashion and goods. The word kawaii was used in ancient times by those who were in the higher social position rather than those of lower social standing. However, today, it has come to be a word which everyone uses easily regardless of age or gender, and in foreign countries, it is recognized as a word which expresses a characteristic part of Japanese popular culture. The result of this study hopefully will give an insight into the change in meaning and usage of kawaii in the future.

著者

廣田 康子

雑誌

東京女子大学言語文化研究 (ISSN:09187766)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, pp.64-77, 2011-03-01

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Kubozono(1998) argues that both English and Japanese prefer heavy syllables to light or super heavy syllables, citing various diachronic changes and synchronic phenomena in those languages. The present article examines the formation of heavy syllables in the Chuetsu Dialect, and shows that this dialect exhibits a stronger tendency to make heavy syllables out of sequences of light syllables than the Tokyo dialect does. The data of the Chuetsu Dialect were collected from Niigata Prefecture Dialect Dictionary (Ohashi,2003) with additional examples that the present author collected in the Chuetsu region. This analysis reveals four types of heavy syllable formation in the Chuetsu Dialect : vowel deletion, vowel insertion (or, vowel lengthening), consonant deletion, andconsonant insertion (or, gemination).

著者

近藤 紗耶

雑誌

東京女子大学言語文化研究 (ISSN:09187766)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, pp.33-49, 2011-03-01

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This is a research study of the actual situation of dialect use and recognition among junior high school students in Toyoake city, Aichi prefecture. This study was conducted by surveying the students' language environment and consciousness of dialects and by investigating the factors that affect the image of the dialect. The questionnaire consisted of 11 questions about language environment and consciousness of the dialect. 22 words were chosen to investigate the recognition and acceptance of dialects. The informants were 198 junior high school students in Toyoake, of which 111 were male and 87 were female. As a result of the investigation, the words used in schools are also used frequently in the community and the recognition of those being dialectal words is low among the students. It was found that many students had negative images of dialects, while they felt that dialects have warm atmosphere compared with the standard Japanese and that they were useful. In addition, girls were more supportive of their hometown and its dialect and showed higher usage of dialects than boys. The use of dialect was influenced by the amount of contact with the elderly and their likes and dislikes towards dialects. Contacts with old people influenced not only the use of dialect but also the understanding of them. It was also found that the family environment was likely to influence the use of dialect by students.