著者

橋本 公亘

出版者

The Japan Academy

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.1, pp.33-43, 1996 (Released:2007-06-22)

参考文献数

5

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Mr. Sadayoshi Tsubaki, the former news department chief of the TV Asahi, made the report as a guest speaker at a panel meeting on“Politics and Television”, held by the National Association of Commercial Broadcasters in Japan. He said arrogantly, “It is true that we covered the general election with a determination that we, through all the news programs and election reporting, must break the Liberal Democratic Party's domination of power.”“TV Asahi was never impartial in its election coverage.”He confessed that he neglected the statutory required fairness doctrine. His remark raised serious controversies on the fairness doctrine.In this article I examined the concept, historical development, and the rationale for the fairness doctrine, and the American experience of broadcasting regulations. American courts have tried to make clear the following rationale for broadcasting regulations: public ownership, scarcity, pervasiveness, and the right of the viewers and listeners. Justice White stated:“It is the right of the viewers and listeners, not the the right of the broadcasters, which is paramount.”Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC, 395 U.S. 367, 390 (1968).It is my conclusion that the statutory required fairness doctrine is not unconstitutional, and we should better maintain the doctrine as a legislative policy.

著者

荒井 献

出版者

The Japan Academy

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.3, pp.185-198, 2005 (Released:2007-06-22)

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I will summarize several points developed through my consideration of the Apostle“Junia(s)”in Rom 16:7.(1) In view of the textcriticism and of the history of the notation “Junia/Junias”, the Vulgata notation“Iuniam”(→Iunia) correctly translates the ancient Greek Unicals“IOYNIAN”(→IOYNIA) to Latin.(2) This notation has been retained in the translation of the Catholic Church who regarded the Vulgata as their canon, and of the Orthodox Church based on“Textus Receptus”through modern times until today. After the Second Vatican Council (1st: 1962, 2nd: 1963, 3rd: 1964, 4th: 1965), however, the ecumenical flavour was emphasized in the Catholic Church, and the Vatican encouraged Catholic scholars to make a translation of the Common Bible with the Protestant Church. It led the Catholic Church to part from the Vulgata and translate Novum Testamentum Graece/ Greek New Testament (NTG/GNT) as the original text for the Common Bible with the Protestant Church. In consequence, the notation of“Junia”(a female name) was changed to“Junias”(a male name) by NTG/GNT ('Ιουνιαζ). The Bible Translation of the Franciscan Bible Institute and the Common Bible Translation in Japan reflect this, and both of them adopt the notation“Junias”.(3) The notation“Junias”which comes from medieval Minuscules ('Ιουνιαν→'Ιουναζ) is the result of the Aegituius Romanus' view (early fourteenth century) that only men can be“Apostles”, the influence of Protestant Church theologians, such as Luther and Calvin, and the authority of the NTG/GNT.(4) The feminist viewpoint which proposes the notation“Junia”against these authorities should be regarded highly. It seems that“Junia”in the Aono's Japanese translatoin in the Iwanami Shoten Version and the Japanese translation of the Franciscan Bible Institute (the 15th printing of revised edition) results from the acceptance of this proposal.(5) Independent of the feminist viewpoint, however, it should be noted that the notation“Junia”has been dominant particularly in Catholic biblical translation through modern times until today.(6) It is certain that there was at least one woman“Apostle”in Roman christian communities in the middle of the first century.

著者

Hidehiro HOSHIBA Masato ONO

出版者

The Japan Academy

雑誌

Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.9, pp.368-371, 1984 (Released:2006-10-10)

参考文献数

12

被引用文献数

5 3

著者

Masaaki SHIONO Naohiro MATSUGAKI Kosaku TAKEDA

出版者

The Japan Academy

雑誌

Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.84, no.10, pp.452-456, 2008-12-30 (Released:2008-12-11)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

26 29

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The X-ray crystal structure of natural commelinin is investigated. The results demonstrate that commelinin is a tetranuclear (4 Mg2+) metal complex, in which two Mg2+ ions chelate to six anthocyanin molecules, while the other two Mg2+ ions bind to six flavone molecules, stabilizing the commelinin complex, a new type of supramolecular complex.(Communicated by Shoji SHIBATA, M.J.A.)

著者

Satomi YOSHIDA Masato TAKEUCHI Sachiko TANAKA-MIZUNO Kayoko MIZUNO Masayuki NAKASHIMA Toshiki FUKASAWA Koji KAWAKAMI

出版者

The Japan Academy

雑誌

Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.98, no.10, pp.517-528, 2022-12-09 (Released:2022-12-09)

参考文献数

104

被引用文献数

7

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Hospital-based registry data, including patients’ information collected by academic societies or government based research groups, were previously used for clinical research in Japan. Now, real-world data routinely obtained in healthcare settings are being used in clinical epidemiology and pharmacoepidemiology. Real-world data include a database of claims originating from health insurance associations for reimbursement of medical fees, diagnosis procedure combinations databases for acute inpatient care in hospitals, a drug prescription database, and electronic medical records, including patients’ medical information obtained by doctors, derived from electronic records of hospitals. In the past ten years, much evidence of clinical epidemiology and pharmacoepidemiology studies using real-world data has been accumulated. The purpose of this review was to introduce clinical epidemiology and pharmacoepidemiology approaches and studies using real-world data in Japan.

著者

Nagao IKEDA

出版者

The Japan Academy

雑誌

Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.87, no.7, pp.371-376, 2011-07-25 (Released:2011-07-25)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

1 2

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Shortly before the Second World War time, Nishina reported on a series of prominent nuclear physical and radiochemical studies in collaboration with Kimura. They artificially produced 231Th, a member of the natural actinium series of nuclides, by bombarding thorium with fast neutrons. This resulted in the discovery of 237U, a new isotope of uranium, by bombarding uranium with fast neutrons, and confirmed that 237U disintegrates into element 93 with a mass number of 237. They also identified the isotopes of several middle-weighted elements produced by the symmetric fission of uranium. In this review article, the highlights of their work are briefly summarized along with some explanatory commentaries.(Communicated by Toshimitsu YAMAZAKI, M.J.A.)

著者

Sadaaki IWANAGA

出版者

The Japan Academy

雑誌

Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.83, no.4, pp.110-119, 2007 (Released:2007-05-17)

参考文献数

49

被引用文献数

32 45

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A hemocyte lysate from horseshoe crab (Limulus) produced a gel, when exposed to Gram-negative bacterial endotoxins, lipopolysaccharides (LPS). This gelation reaction of the lysate, so-called Limulus test, has been widely employed as a simple and very sensitive assay method for endotoxins. Recent biochemical studies on the principle of Limulus test indicate that the hemocytes contain several serine protease zymogens, which constitute a coagulation cascade triggered by endotoxins, and that there is a (1,3)-β-D-glucan-mediated coagulation pathway which also results in the formation of gel. Up to now, six protein components, designated coagulogen, proclotting enzyme, factor B, factor C, and factor G, all of which are closely associated with the endotoxin-mediated coagulation pathway, have been purified and biochemically characterized. The molecular structures of these proteins have also been elucidated. Moreover, the reconstitution experiments using the isolated clotting factors, factor C, factor B, proclotting enzyme and coagulogen in the presence of endotoxin, leads to the formation of coagulin gel. Here, I will focus on the biochemical principle of Limulus test for detecting bacterial endotoxins, and its activation and regulation mechanism on the LPS-mediated coagulation cascade. (Communicated by Masanori OTSUKA, M.J.A.)

著者

Masaharu NODA Takashi MATSUDA

出版者

The Japan Academy

雑誌

Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.98, no.7, pp.283-324, 2022-07-29 (Released:2022-07-29)

参考文献数

314

被引用文献数

9

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Extracellular fluids, including blood, lymphatic fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid, are collectively called body fluids. The Na+ concentration ([Na+]) in body fluids is maintained at 135–145 mM and is broadly conserved among terrestrial animals. Homeostatic osmoregulation by Na+ is vital for life because severe hyper- or hypotonicity elicits irreversible organ damage and lethal neurological trauma. To achieve “body fluid homeostasis” or “Na homeostasis”, the brain continuously monitors [Na+] in body fluids and controls water/salt intake and water/salt excretion by the kidneys. These physiological functions are primarily regulated based on information on [Na+] and relevant circulating hormones, such as angiotensin II, aldosterone, and vasopressin. In this review, we discuss sensing mechanisms for [Na+] and hormones in the brain that control water/salt intake behaviors, together with the responsible sensors (receptors) and relevant neural pathways. We also describe mechanisms in the brain by which [Na+] increases in body fluids activate the sympathetic neural activity leading to hypertension.

著者

Seiichiro OGAWA Shinichi KUNO Tatsushi TOYOKUNI

出版者

The Japan Academy

雑誌

Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.98, no.7, pp.336-360, 2022-07-29 (Released:2022-07-29)

参考文献数

93

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For over 50 years, our group has been involved in synthetic studies on biologically active cyclitols including carbasugars. Among a variety of compounds synthesized, this review focuses on carbaglycosylamine glycosidase inhibitors, highlighting the following: (1) the naturally occurring N-linked carbaoligosaccharide α-amylase inhibitor acarbose and related compounds; (2) the novel synthetic β-glycosidase inhibitors, 1′-epi-acarviosin and its 6-hydroxy analogue as well as β-valienaminylceramide and its 4′-epimer; (3) the discovery of the β-glycosidase inhibitors with chaperone activity, N-octyl-β-valienamine (NOV) and its 4-epimer (NOEV); and (4) the recent development of the potential pharmacological chaperone N-alkyl-conduramine F-4 derivatives.

著者

小林 昇

出版者

The Japan Academy

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.3, pp.175-212, 2001 (Released:2007-06-22)

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Ever since its 'discovery' by William S. Jevons toward the end of the 19th century, Richard Cantillon's sole published work, Essai sur la nature du commerce en général, 1755, has been given critical acclaim by such first-rate theoreticians as H. Higgs, J.A. Schumpeter, F. Hayek, T.W. Hutchison, and J.R. Hicks. It is widely recognized as an essential golden link between William Petty and Francois Quesnay in the history of economics. On the other hand, James Steuart's major work, An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Oeconomy, 2 vols., also published in the latter half of the 18th century, 1767, has long been neglected both in Great Britain and in France, and has been duely acknowledged only after the end of World War II. That it was given some notice in France during the French Revolution and translated into French by E.F. Sénover and published, and that even its another French translation was also completed (but not published) by Goguel, failed to secure a rightful place for Steuart in the history of political economy during his days and after.It is indeed of great academic interest and importance to place James Steuart in pre-Adam Smith political economy of the 18th century and to examine how Steuart's Principles is related with Cantillon's Essai, both positively and negatively. Because of the asymmetrical reception of these two works, however, this task has effectively only begun, and has thus far produced only A. Brewer's Richard Cantillon. Pioneer of Economic Theory, 1992. And it has recently been shown empirically by P. Groenewegen that the Cantillon to whom Steuart referred to was not Richard Cantillon but his brother-in-law, Philip Cantillon, and The Analysis o f Trade, 1759 by Philip explains in its inside of cover that the author followed Richard's work very closely, but it is of far inferior quality than the latter's Essai. Thus, it is hardly imaginable that Richard Cantillon's work had a direct impact on James Steuart's. However, within the context of chaos during the early phase of the establishment of political economy as a discipline in the 18th century, it is quite worth-while to examine whether or not Richard Cantillon had any indirect influence on James Steuart, and if so, in what forms.This being said, however, these two classics do not render themselves to ready comparison. Cantillon's Essai is characterized by the clarity and rigor of its purely theoretical analysis while Steuart's The Principles is an attempt at equally theoretical development but always on the basis of detailed historical and institutional, thus complex, reality of how national economies operated. Abundant fruit can be expected when today's observers free themselves from their narrow theory or theoretical outlook in assessing them.In this essay, I do not attempt a direct and detailed comparison of these classical masters. Instead I try to compare them on how they dealt with the following broader and urgent issues of political economy: a. the principle of wealth, b. population, c. money, d. industry, profit, and entrepreneur, e. circular flow, and f. the issues of economic liberalism versus mercantilism (or rather dirigisme in French context).We must also note that these two classical authors both were born outside England, obtained meaningful experiences particularly in France, and looked at the same subject matters of money, credit and the circular flow from their respective angles of observation. They are sure to give us fresh insights and perspectives on the so-called 'nationality of political economy' (Jevons).

著者

Noritada MATSUO

出版者

The Japan Academy

雑誌

Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.95, no.7, pp.378-400, 2019-07-31 (Released:2019-08-09)

参考文献数

70

被引用文献数

26 86

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Pyrethroid insecticides contain natural pyrethrins extracted from pyrethrum flowers, and their synthetic derivatives, pyrethroids. The present article provides an overview of the structure of natural pyrethrins, and the discovery and development of pyrethroids with an emphasis on the background of selected compounds. The stereochemical relationships among pyrethroid secondary alcohols, and toxicologic and environmental effects of pyrethroids are also discussed. Finally, the pyrethroid resistance of mosquitoes and future aspects of pyrethroids are addressed.

著者

小葉田 淳

出版者

The Japan Academy

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.1, pp.1-15, 1992 (Released:2007-06-22)

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Rekidai Hoan is a collection of Ryukyuan diplomatic documents, covering 500 years from the 15th to the 19th century, which are the first class historical materials, to elucidate the history of Ryukyuan intercourse and especially trade with foreign countries and to make clear the historical situations of the East Asia of the times as well.

著者

Masamitsu WADA

出版者

The Japan Academy

雑誌

Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.92, no.9, pp.387-411, 2016-11-11 (Released:2016-11-11)

参考文献数

162

被引用文献数

13 26

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Chloroplasts move toward weak light to increase photosynthetic efficiency, and migrate away from strong light to protect chloroplasts from photodamage and eventual cell death. These chloroplast behaviors were first observed more than 100 years ago, but the underlying mechanism has only recently been identified. Ideal plant materials, such as fern gametophytes for photobiological and cell biological approaches, and Arabidopsis thaliana for genetic analyses, have been used along with sophisticated methods, such as partial cell irradiation and time-lapse video recording under infrared light to study chloroplast movement. These studies have revealed precise chloroplast behavior, and identified photoreceptors, other relevant protein components, and novel actin filament structures required for chloroplast movement. In this review, our findings regarding chloroplast and nuclear movements are described.

著者

Hirofumi YASUE Yuji MIZUNO Eisaku HARADA

出版者

The Japan Academy

雑誌

Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.95, no.2, pp.53-66, 2019-02-08 (Released:2019-02-08)

参考文献数

110

被引用文献数

32 76

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Coronary artery spasm (CAS) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ischemic heart disease, including angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, and sudden death, occurring most often from midnight to early morning. CAS is prevalent among East Asians and is associated with an aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2)-deficient genotype (ALDH2*2) and alcohol flushing, which is prevalent among East Asians but is virtually non-existent in other populations. ALDH2 eliminates not only acetaldehyde but also other toxic aldehydes from lipid peroxidation and tobacco smoking, thereby protecting tissues and cells from oxidative damage. Risk factors for CAS include smoking and genetic polymorphisms including those of ALDH2*2, endothelial NO synthase, paraoxonase I, and interleukin-6. Accordingly, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and low-grade chronic inflammation play an important role in the pathogenesis of CAS, leading to increased coronary smooth muscle Ca2+ sensitivity through RhoA/ROCK activation and resultant hypercontraction. Ca-channel blockers blocking the intracellular entry of Ca2+ are specifically effective for treatment for CAS.

著者

Tatsuaki KIMURA Tamiko OHANA

出版者

The Japan Academy

雑誌

Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.8, pp.352-355, 1985 (Released:2006-10-10)

参考文献数

13

被引用文献数

4 5

著者

福田 歓一

出版者

The Japan Academy

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.48, no.3, pp.171-187, 1994 (Released:2007-06-22)

参考文献数

27

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In any political discourse some diachronic terms are indispensable, but these terms themselves were originally made in some age in the contexts of real situations. Therefore we are obliged to use these terms with enough consciousness of their original contexts.Moreover the scholars in Non-Western world have another problem concerning translation of terminology. Both European and native term has many meanings, and one term scarcely corresponds to its counterpart.Japanese term minzoku covers ethnos, populus, natio and so on, which on the other hand cover far more meanings than minzoku, and also have special contexts in their usages.Although the term“nation”derives from Middle Ages, its modern usage presupposed the emergence of sovereign state as a governing mechanism and provided it of some sense of community. The emergence of modern languages and the communication through printed matters made it possible and through French Revolution the new model of political integration“one nation, one language, one state”was established, while against Napoleon's imperialism nationalism rose in Germany and so on. Around the 1st world war“nation self determination”came to be a principle after the collapse of empires, Austrian, Russian and Turkish. And after the 2nd, this principle lead to the independence of colonies in Asia and Africa. In 1960s new term of ethnicity, the status of ethnic groups within the framework of nation state, was made originally in the mufti-racial United States of America. And this term came to be applied to the ethnic movements in Western Europe, the very birth place of nation states, and also extended to the developing countries, which covered former colonial territories and naturally consisted of many ethnic groups. The end of Soviet domination of Eastern Europe brought the third wave of“national self determination”, which also disintegrated the Soviet Union itself as well as Yugoslavia. Now we are watching many tragedies in e.g. Gorgia and Bosnia. But “national self-determination”no more could be the solution of many problems in this age of multi-identity of the individual, and the relativization of state system would be indispensable for the prospect of mankind.

出版者

The Japan Academy

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.3, pp.171-179, 2004 (Released:2007-06-22)

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Nation State as the basic unit of the political life of mankind, is a fiction in its three aspects. First, it is a symbol formed in modern Western Europe. Second, an ideology: one nation, one language, and one state has had so strong an effect in Western Europe. Third, a fiction of equal sovereignty. And such an ideology proved realization in 1870-71 in the unifications of Italy and Germany. Extra Europe Japan achieved such an example in East Asia.In 1919 Versaille Peace Treaty realized this fiction in Europe by the principle of national self-determination. Russian Revolution also brought the independence of Finland and Baltic countries as well as Poland in Europe. The League of Nations emerged as the co-operative system of peace proposed by Wilson. But its caliber came to be limited by U. S. A. refusal of participation. After the dissolution of Turkish Empire Arab Area was still under the control of Britain and France until the independence of Egypt in 1922, and of Iraq as well as Saudi Arabia in 1932.After the Second World War came the global age of the nation state. The dissolution of colonial system proceeded until the return of Hong Kong to China in 1997. The United Nations started in 1945 as the new international system, and in 1960 adopted the resolution of colonies which led the globalization of nation state system. But it was accompanied by the nominalization of nation state itself. On the other hand Soviet Union under Stalin established her colonial empire over the countries under her occupation in the dogma of the limited Sovereignty. Against this threat Western Europe formed the North Atlantic System with U. S. A. The cold war between these two powers was symbolized by the wall of Berlin.In spite of the dissolution of colonial empire, Western Europe enjoyed economic prosperity, and there appeared some change of basic unit of political life: the unification and the differentiation in nation states. Unification proceeded from EC to EU. EURO as the common currency and EU Constitution came to be. Differentiation in France, Spain and Italy has been proceeded and in Britain also devolution has emerged.The collapse of Soviet system also emancipated nation states in Eastern Europe. And the independence of Israel, the conpensation of Christian World to the Jews by the depression of Palestine people produced tragedy in Arab World.Now we are witnessing the unlimited imigrants seeking chance and better life. In England the industry of many area cannot carry out without the labour power of such immigrants. And in Japan so many women come to marry the peasants of Tohoku area from China, Korea and Philippines. These cases may be rather shocking to the people of Tokyo area.

著者

Taku KOMAI

出版者

The Japan Academy

雑誌

Proceedings of the Imperial Academy (ISSN:03699846)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.6, pp.216-220, 1941 (Released:2007-05-25)

参考文献数

2

被引用文献数

2 5

著者

Sogo OKAMURA Tomohiro OGUCHI

出版者

The Japan Academy

雑誌

Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.6, pp.539-562, 2010-06-11 (Released:2010-06-14)

参考文献数

102

被引用文献数

11 31

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This paper summarizes our study on microwave and millimeter-wave propagation in rain with special emphasis on the effects of polarization. Starting from a recount of our past findings, we will discuss developments with these and how they are connected with subsequent research.(Contributed by Sogo OKAMURA, M.J.A.)

著者

Shizuo KAKUTANI

出版者

The Japan Academy

雑誌

Proceedings of the Imperial Academy (ISSN:03699846)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.6, pp.269-271, 1943 (Released:2007-05-25)

被引用文献数

18