著者

Ukitirô NAKAYA Yuduru SEKIGUTI

出版者

The Japan Academy

雑誌

Proceedings of the Imperial Academy (ISSN:03699846)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.8, pp.510-513, 1927 (Released:2008-03-19)

参考文献数

1

被引用文献数

2

著者

Takeshi HORIE

出版者

The Japan Academy

雑誌

Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.95, no.6, pp.211-245, 2019-06-11 (Released:2019-06-11)

参考文献数

179

被引用文献数

37

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Since the projection of global warming emerged in 1980s with the potential of laying enormous impacts on agriculture and food security of the world, we have conducted experimental and modeling studies for clarifying its effects on rice production in Asia and for developing adaptive rice production technologies. On the basis of measurement of rice responses to climate and carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]), the dynamic process model named SIMRIW was developed to predict global warming effects on irrigated rice. The model predicted differential regional effects of the projected global warming by doubling [CO2] on the rice yield over Asia, and indicated that high tolerance to heat-induced spikelet sterility and high yield potential under elevated [CO2] are the two important characteristics required for rice genotypes adaptive to global warming environment. Further, genetic traits associated with these characteristics and their genetic resources for breeding adaptive genotypes were identified from diverse rice germplasms. This article reviews our initiative studies in the light of the recent studies, and points out further research that is needed for better understanding and overcoming of this unprecedentedly large problem.

著者

Kazumasa MIKI

出版者

The Japan Academy

雑誌

Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.87, no.7, pp.405-414, 2011-07-25 (Released:2011-07-25)

参考文献数

82

被引用文献数

117 183

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The current status of screening for gastric cancer-risk (gastritis A, B, C, D) method using combined assay for serum anti-Helicobacter pylori (Hp) IgG antibody and serum pepsinogen (PG) levels, “ABC method”, was reviewed and the latest results of our ongoing trial are reported. It was performed using the following strategy: Subjects were classified into 1 of 4 risk groups based on the results of the two serologic tests, anti-Hp IgG antibody titers and the PG I and II levels: Group A [Hp(−)PG(−)], infection-free subjects; Group B [Hp(+)PG(−)], chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) free or mild; Group C [Hp(+)PG(+)], CAG; Group D [Hp(−)PG(+)]), severe CAG with extensive intestinal metaplasia. Continuous endoscopic follow-up examinations are required to detect early stages of gastric cancer. Asymptomatic Group A, which accounts for 50–80% of all the subjects may be excluded from the secondary endoscopic examination, from the viewpoint of efficiency. Hp-infected subjects should be administered eradication treatment aimed at the prevention of gastric cancer.(Communicated by Takashi SUGIMURA, M.J.A.)

著者

Nobuo SHUTO

出版者

The Japan Academy

雑誌

Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.95, no.4, pp.151-164, 2019-04-11 (Released:2019-04-11)

参考文献数

30

被引用文献数

7

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The effect of giant tsunamis such as the Indian Ocean Tsunami in 2004 and the Great East Japan Earthquake Tsunami in 2011 has been devastating. In this study, a numerical simulation of the tsunami has been developed to estimate the physical characteristics of tsunamis and their effect on human society. Several laws and equations have been introduced for the simulation of tsunami propagation in the ocean, tsunami refraction, and tsunami run-up on land under a stable computational condition with acceptable accuracy. Our proposed method has been accepted as the world standard since 1997 and has been widely distributed to many countries through UNESCO.1) Computer graphic animations prepared by using the results of numerical simulation have been effectively used in public education and to increase the understanding of behaviors of the tsunami on the earth. When the numerical prediction of tsunami becomes possible with sufficient accuracy, then their results can be used to predict future damages and prevent the occurrence of a disaster. Data in the past were collected and expressed in terms of a newly introduced tsunami intensity which is related to the locally observed tsunami heights.

著者

Toshitaka GAMO Kiminori SHITASHIMA

出版者

The Japan Academy

雑誌

Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.94, no.1, pp.45-55, 2018-01-11 (Released:2018-01-11)

参考文献数

35

被引用文献数

9

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Vertical profiles of potential temperature, salinity, and some chemical components were obtained at a trench station (29°05′N, 142°51′E; depth = 9768 m) in the Izu-Ogasawara (Bonin) Trench in 1984 and 1994 to characterize the hadal waters below ∼6000 m depth. We compared portions of both the 1984 and 1994 profiles with nearby data obtained between 1976 and 2013. Results demonstrated that the hadal waters had slightly higher potential temperature and nitrate and lower dissolved oxygen than waters at sill depths (∼6000 m) outside the trench, probably due to the effective accumulation of geothermal heat and active biological processes inside the trench. The silicate, iron, and manganese profiles in 1984 showed slight but significant increases below ∼6000 m depth, suggesting that these components may have been intermittently supplied from the trench bottom. Significant amounts of 222Rn in excess over 226Ra were detected in the hadal waters up to 2675 m from the bottom, reflecting laterally supplied 222Rn from the trench walls.

著者

Hiroshi SANO

出版者

The Japan Academy

雑誌

Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.78, no.10, pp.293-298, 2002 (Released:2006-10-17)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

6 14

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Jean Baptiste de Lamarck (1744-1829) maintained that characteristics that were acquired during an organism's lifetime are passed on to its offspring. This theory, known as Lamarckian inheritance, was later completely discredited. However, recent progress in epigenetics research suggests it needs to be reexamined in consideration of DNA methylation. In this article, I summarize our observations, which support Lamarckian inheritance. Initial experiments indicate that (1) artificially induced demethy-lation of rice genomic DNA results in heritable dwarfism, and (2) cold stress induces extensive demethy-lation in somatic cells of the maize root. Based on these results, I propose the hypothesis that traits that are acquired during plant growth are sometimes inherited by their progeny through persistent alteration of the DNA methylation status.

著者

Shuko ADACHI Hisayoshi IGO

出版者

The Japan Academy

雑誌

Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, no.8, pp.504-507, 1980 (Released:2006-10-06)

参考文献数

4

被引用文献数

8 14

著者

Tetsutaro OZAWA Osamu ONODERA

出版者

The Japan Academy

雑誌

Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.93, no.5, pp.251-258, 2017-05-11 (Released:2017-05-11)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

2 22

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Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is an adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder that has both clinical and pathological variants. Clinical examples include MSA with predominant cerebellar ataxia (MSA-C) and MSA with predominant parkinsonism (MSA-P), whereas olivopontocerebellar atrophy and striatonigral degeneration represent pathological variants. We performed systematic reviews of studies that addressed the relative frequencies of clinical or pathological variants of MSA in various populations to determine the clinicopathological characteristics in Japanese MSA. The results revealed that the majority of Japanese patients have MSA-C, while the majority of patients in Europe and North America have MSA-P. A comparative study of MSA pathology showed that the olivopontocerebellar-predominant pathology was more frequent in Japanese MSA than in British MSA. Demonstrated differences in pathological subtype thus appear consistent with differences in the clinical subtype of MSA demonstrated between Japan and European populations. We concluded that olivopontocerebellar-predominant pathology and MSA-C may represent clinicopathological characteristics in Japanese MSA. Factors determining predominant involvement of olivopontocerebellar regions in MSA should therefore be explored.

著者

Yasuo TERAO Hideki FUKUDA Okihide HIKOSAKA

出版者

The Japan Academy

雑誌

Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.93, no.10, pp.772-801, 2017-12-11 (Released:2017-12-11)

参考文献数

150

被引用文献数

43

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Non-invasive and readily implemented in the clinical setting, eye movement studies have been conducted extensively not only in healthy human subjects but also in patients with neurological disorders. The purpose of saccade studies is to “read out” the pathophysiology underlying neurological disorders from the saccade records, referring to known primate physiology. In the current review, we provide an overview of studies in which we attempted to elucidate the patterns of saccade abnormalities in over 250 patients with neurological disorders, including cerebellar ataxia and brainstem pathology due to neurodegenerative disorders, and what they tell about the pathophysiology of patients with neurological disorders. We also discuss how interventions, such as deep brain stimulation, affect saccade performance and provide further insights into the workings of the oculomotor system in humans. Finally, we argue that it is important to understand the functional significance and behavioral correlate of saccade abnormalities in daily life, which could require eye tracking methodologies to be performed in settings similar to daily life.

著者

Syozo OSAWA Zhi-Hui SU Masaaki NISHIKAWA Osamu TOMINAGA

出版者

The Japan Academy

雑誌

Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.92, no.9, pp.455-461, 2016-11-11 (Released:2016-11-11)

参考文献数

16

被引用文献数

1

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Phylogenetic analyses using mitochondrial DNA sequences of several kinds of beetles have shown that their evolution included a silent stage in which no morphological changes took place. We thus propose a new category of evolutionary process called “silent evolution”.

著者

Yuki HITOMI Katsushi TOKUNAGA

出版者

The Japan Academy

雑誌

Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B (ISSN:03862208)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.93, no.9, pp.657-676, 2017-11-10 (Released:2017-11-10)

参考文献数

110

被引用文献数

3 6

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Human genome variation may cause differences in traits and disease risks. Disease-causal/susceptible genes and variants for both common and rare diseases can be detected by comprehensive whole-genome analyses, such as whole-genome sequencing (WGS), using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology and genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Here, in addition to the application of an NGS as a whole-genome analysis method, we summarize approaches for the identification of functional disease-causal/susceptible variants from abundant genetic variants in the human genome and methods for evaluating their functional effects in human diseases, using an NGS and in silico and in vitro functional analyses. We also discuss the clinical applications of the functional disease causal/susceptible variants to personalized medicine.

著者

Yong-Woon KIM

出版者

The Japan Academy

雑誌

Proceedings of the Japan Academy (ISSN:00214280)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.2, pp.103-108, 1970 (Released:2006-10-03)

参考文献数

13

著者

Koshichi TOYODA

出版者

The Japan Academy

雑誌

Proceedings of the Imperial Academy (ISSN:03699846)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.7, pp.221-227, 1941 (Released:2007-05-25)

被引用文献数

33

著者

Chika KURODA

出版者

The Japan Academy

雑誌

Proceedings of the Imperial Academy (ISSN:03699846)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.2, pp.61-63, 1931 (Released:2008-03-19)

著者

Hideo WADA

出版者

The Japan Academy

雑誌

Proceedings of the Japan Academy (ISSN:00214280)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.49, no.6, pp.380-384, 1973 (Released:2006-10-03)

参考文献数

3

被引用文献数

8 17

著者

HIROSE Ken IIDA Shigeaki

出版者

The Japan Academy

雑誌

Proceedings of the Japan Academy (ISSN:00214280)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.49, no.1, pp.10-12, 1973

著者

Keizo OHTA Toshinao WATARAI Tetsu OISHI Yukio UESHIBA Shinichi HIROSE Toru YOSHIZAWA Yaeko AKIKUSA Michio SATO Hideko OKANO

出版者

The Japan Academy

雑誌

Proceedings of the Japan Academy (ISSN:00214280)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.7, pp.392-398, 1953 (Released:2006-09-12)

参考文献数

6

---

Physico-chemical studies were made on the two fin whale milks preserved in an electric refrigerator 2-13 months after being collected and the following results were obtained:The external appearance was of a viscous creamy state and the milk had a cod liver oil-like flavor. It was somewhat astrigent and the specific weight and boiling point were both lower than those of the human and cow milks. The surface tension and viscosity were higher than those of the human and cow milks. Due to fermentation it was acid and the acidity was high. The water content was lower than in the human and cow milks and the amount of solid substances were about 4 times that in the human and cow milks. The amount of protein was about 8 times that in the human milk and about 4 times that in the cow milk. The proportion of casein nitrogen and noncasein nitrogen was similar to that in the human milk. Of the whey proteins the amount of albumin was very small, the greater part being globulin. Amino acids found in 18 kinds of human and cow milks were found in these two milks. The amount of fat was 10 times that in the human and cow milks and the majority of the fat globules were large. The saponification, acid and iodine values were much higher than those in the human and cow milks. The high acid value was not the essential property of the milk. It was due probably to a part of the fat having been decomposed because of the milk being old.The amount of lactose was 1/15-1/30 of that in the human and cow milks. This also was not the essential property of the milk. It is thought to be due to a part of the lactose decomposing by fermentation due to the milk being old. The amount of minerals was almost the same as that in the cow milk. Of the vitamins vitamin A and ascorbic acid could not be found but carotinoids, thiamine and riboflavin were found. Calories per 100gm were 320-350, being very much higher than the 65 calories for the human milk and 60 calories for the cow milk.

著者

Shinkishi HATAI Noboru ABE

出版者

The Japan Academy

雑誌

Proceedings of the Imperial Academy (ISSN:03699846)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.8, pp.375-378, 1932 (Released:2008-03-19)

著者

Torahiko TERADA Ryûzô YAMAMOTO Tetu WATANABE

出版者

The Japan Academy

雑誌

Proceedings of the Imperial Academy (ISSN:03699846)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.1, pp.10-12, 1934 (Released:2008-03-19)

参考文献数

1

著者

Seiji NAKAMURA

出版者

The Japan Academy

雑誌

Proceedings of the Japan Academy (ISSN:00214280)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.2, pp.77-79, 1952 (Released:2006-09-12)