著者

岩井 克人

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.76, no.1, pp.103-114, 2021 (Released:2021-11-20)

著者

塩野 宏

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.68, no.2, pp.113-137, 2014-02

著者

築島 裕

出版者

The Japan Academy

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.3, pp.227-251, 1997 (Released:2007-06-22)

被引用文献数

1

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“Kata-Kana”character is a kind of phonetic characters for the Japanese language transformed from the Chinese character.The scientific study on the history of“Kata-Kana”characters was originated by Dr. Tohru Ohya from the beginning of the 20th century. He was the first scholar who took notice of the“Kunten”materials of the Heian-period as very important and useful manuscripts to research the history of the Japanese language. These“Kunten”materials have been kept in several old traditional temples, and offers many reliable proofs on the invention of“Kata-Kana” characters. After Ohya, Professors Shinkichi Hashimoto, Masaji Kasuga, M. J. A, and Norio Nakada have had the outstanding achievements in this field. However, many problems are left unsolved. The facts philologically proved for the present are as follows.“Kata-Kana”characters were devised in the early 9th century by the Buddhist scholars (especially studying at Todaiji (東大寺) Temple), in order to express the Japanese reading of the Chinese sentences.The scholars had to write down the Japanese reading in the narrow space between the lines of the Chinese sentences, listening their teacher's lecture. “Kata-Kana”characters were formed by abbreviating the strokes of Chinese characters, leaving the first strokes or the final strokes of them, for the purpose of saving these time and labour.In the first period of inventing“Kata-Kana”characters, many different forms were used at the same time with“Mannyou-Gana”, and“Hira-Gana” characters which was made from the cursive style of the Chinese characters, but, in the phase of reading Chinese sentences,“Kata-Kana”characters had taken more simplified forms and had been standardized in the society by 12th Century.The current forms of“Kata-Kana”characters today have been officially settled in 1900 by the Japanese government.“Kata-Kana”characters were made from Chinese characters which had been used especially as“Mannyo-Gana”in the ancient Japan. Accordingly, the explanation that“Kata-Kana”サ (sa) was abbreviated from 薩 or 奘 is not right, because these Chinese characters had never been used as“Mannyo-Gana”. This theory may be revised to be from 散.As these characters were made for the purpose of quick writing, the origin is not formal style but simplified style. レ (re) and ネ (ne) are not from 禮 (rei) and 禰 (nei), but from simplified style 礼 andi 祢. ヱ (we, e) is not from 慧 (we) but from the beginning part of curved strokes of 惠 (we).Beside these facts, the origins of the“Kata-Kana”characters used in the present time are often misunderstood generally. For example,“Kata-Kana”character タ (ta) is explained as to be formed from the beginning strokes of Chinese character 多 (ta), but it is not right. It is from its last stroke, according to the ancient form 多. ロ (ro) was not from 呂, but from 〓 which was the old form of this character.“Kata-Kana”characters have kept essentially a phonetic and practical factor through their history. They have never had an aesthetic factor, different from“Hira-Gana”characters.“Kata-Kana”characters have made historical change by reason of practical usage, although some unique and curious forms used exceptionally in some sects of Buddhism and Confusiasm in the Heian period had been bequeathed to the after ages.

著者

辻村 公一

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, no.2, pp.141-171, 2007

著者

太田 晶二郎

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.3, pp.199-207, 1949 (Released:2007-05-30)

著者

水田 洋

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.64, no.2, pp.89-107, 2010 (Released:2017-04-05)

著者

佐藤 幸治

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.76, no.2, pp.185-202, 2022 (Released:2022-02-15)

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The concept of human rights (natural rights), which stepped into the limelight of human history in the latter half of the eighteenth century, rapidly disappeared from the limelight in the nineteenth century and was replaced by the legal positivist concept of rights (in Japan, it was strongly advocated at the beginning of the Meiji Restoration in the latter half of the nineteenth century but rapidly faded away). After World War I, human rights came to be strongly advocated in the realm of international law, especially in the face of the tyranny of totalitarian regimes, and the United Nations Charter adopted at the San Francisco Conference in June 1945 proclaimed human dignity and respect for human rights. The Potsdam Declaration of July of the same year (accepted by the Japanese government in August) strongly called for “the establishment of respect for human rights.” Initially, the Japanese government and people did not take the meaning of this seriously but in February 1946, the General Headquarters strongly demanded that the Constitution stipulate the guarantee of human rights. The Constitution of Japan, which was enacted in the form of an amendment to the Meiji Constitution, sets forth that “the people shall not be prevented from enjoying any of the fundamental human rights” (Article 11) and calls for “the supreme consideration” for “their right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness” (Article 13).(View PDF for the rest of the abstract.)

著者

藤田 宙靖

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.70, no.1, pp.71-90, 2015

著者

深沢 克己

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.75, no.1, pp.1-25, 2020 (Released:2020-11-13)

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I. Introduction: the Japan Academy and Freemasonry Freemasonry, though not well known to Japanese people, is an initiatic society which has played an important part in the formation of modern Occidental civilization since the eighteenth century. So that historical connections are not absent between this fraternal association and the Japan Academy. Firstly, two of the founding members of the Academy, Amane Nishi and Mamichi Tsuda, had been initiated into Freemasonry at Leiden as early as 1864. Secondly, its equivalent in the United Kingdom being the Royal Society of London, the Japan Academy developed exchange, notably after the Second World War, with this British institution whose close relations with Freemasonry were known since its foundation in 1660, starting with Elias Ashmole and Sir Robert Moray. Lastly, just as the Japan Academy maintains intimate relations with the Imperial House, so British Freemasonry has been placed under the protection of the royal family since the early nineteenth century. All this justifies the subject of the present paper.(View PDF for the rest of the abstract.)

著者

樋口 陽一

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.75, no.2, pp.103-120, 2021 (Released:2021-02-20)

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Propos introductif KIYOMIYA (1898-1989) et MIYAZAWA (1899-1976), les deux disciples représentatifs de MINOBE Tatsukichi (1873-1948), fondateur de la doctrine de constitutionnalisme au Japon I. Dans le année 1920-30 : théories critiques chez Kiyomiya et Miyazawa inspirées, l'un et l'autre, par la théorie pure du droit de Hans Kelsen 1. Ce que signifie la théorie pure du droit : «Reine Rechtslehre ist keine Rechtslehre» ? S'agit-il d'une «rechtsleere Rechtslehre» ? 2. Analyse d'interrogation par Kiyomiya ainsi que par Miyazawa à l'encontre des doctrines qui leur précédaient : les deux articles, parus dans les Mélanges offerts en l'honneur de Minobe (1934), l'un par Kiyomiya sur la possibilité logique de «lex posterior non derogat priori» et l'autre par Miyazawa sur le caractère fictif et idéologique de la notion de «représentation nationale». 3. Suite et développement : die «Grundnorm» non plus comme «vorausgesetzte », mais en tant que droit positif pour Kiyomiya, et le cours inaugural de Miyazawa comme successeur de la chaire de Minobe où il s'identifie, en invoquant Auguste Comte, à la troisième et dernière phase du développement du savoir. 4. Affaire de la doctrine de l'Empreur organe de l'Etat et prise de position de Miyazawa pour la défense de la liberté académique, tout en distinguant la doctrine préscriptive d'avec la théorie descriptive.(View PDF for the rest of the abstract.)

著者

宮澤 健一

出版者

The Japan Academy

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.2, pp.87-115, 2006 (Released:2007-06-22)

被引用文献数

1

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With Japan's quicker-than-expected declining birth rate and aging population, the scale of activities in its medical, care and welfare sectors exceeds those of education and research, which are also components of Japan's public domain. This is bringing new issues into questions, including policy-related ones. In providing answers, it will be necessary to investigate the state of the medical, care and welfare sectors, while also taking a look from a wider perspective at the influence and function of these sectors as they interact within the wider economy and society. In elucidating this situation, I use as a tool input-output, or inter-industry, analysis, while attempting to widen its scope.

著者

樋口 陽一

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.3, pp.105-128, 2015

著者

揖斐 高

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.77, no.3, pp.179-219, 2023 (Released:2023-05-12)

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The policy changes of the Edo shogunate known as the Kansei Reforms began in 1787 with the appointment of Matsudaira Sadanobu as chief councilor following the fall of his predecessor Tanuma Okitsugu. In 1790, as part of the reforms, the Kansei Edict prohibiting teachings other than the Neo-Confucianism of Zhu Xi was issued to the head of the Hayashi family, Rector Hayashi Nobutaka, and announced to his disciples the following day. Previously, in the year 1788, Sadanobu had invited the Neo-Confucian Shibano Ritsuzan from Kyoto to serve in Edo as an official scholar of the shogunate. Shibano Ritsuzan and his associates Nishiyama Sessai, Rai Shunsai and other Neo-Confucians from the western regions had been advocating a prohibition of heterodox schools. While this advocacy was indeed one influence leading to the Kansei Edict, for Sadanobu the Kansei Reforms were primarily a first step towards reformation of the education system itself and their true purpose was to correct systemic corruption and install new talent in the struggling Hayashi academy. Under pressure to reform the academy in response to the edict, Hayashi Nobutaka seventh generation head of the Hayashi family, fell ill and died without an heir in 1792 at the age of twenty-six. In response, Sadanobu sought to install someone sympathetic to the cause of education reform and capable of managing a transformation of the academy. In 1793, the then 26-year-old Hayashi Jussai, son of Matsudaira Norimori of the Iwamura Domain was chosen as eighth generation successor to the Hayashi family. Jussai, who had studied under the Hayashi trained scholar Shibui Taishitsu, was well known as a kanshi poet and a member of the daimyo elite literary salon Fūgetsusha. (View PDF for the rest of the abstract.)

著者

大芝 芳弘

出版者

日本學士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.66, no.3, pp.137-145, 2012-03

著者

斎藤 修

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.Special_Issue, pp.233-250, 2018-04-11 (Released:2018-05-23)

著者

伊藤 誠

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.65, no.2, pp.109-135, 2011 (Released:2017-04-05)

著者

服部 四郎

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.1, pp.1-16, 1976 (Released:2007-05-30)

被引用文献数

1

著者

久保田 淳

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.78, no.1, pp.21-38, 2023 (Released:2023-11-22)

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In his work An Introduction to the History of Japanese Literature, Kato Shuichi observes that Saigyo's waka poetry communicates his emotions and experiences in a simple and direct language, which differs from the technical style of Fujiwara no Teika, an important poet in the Shinkokin Wakashu. At the same time, Kato argues that several of Saigyo's poems address the topic of kachofugetsu (“the beauty of nature”), which is the central theme of the aristocratic culture, similar to the poems written by court intellectuals in the Heian era; according to Kato, Saigyo submitted to this elite culture. In this essay, the author first questions this criticism of Saigyo, emphasizing the unique consideration of natural phenomena and ordinary lives in his poems and discussing the diversity of his writing by citing his works on natural phenomena, such as lunar eclipses and rainbows, and his poems about thieves—topics that did not interest poets before him. The essay notes that Saigyo enjoyed writing haikai verses, which were regarded as somewhat inferior “miscellany” poems in the Kokin Wakashu, and renga, which poets had composed as a hobby since the late Heian period, and considers the nature of the humor in these poems to emphasize Saigyo's critique of society. (View PDF for the rest of the abstract.)

著者

三宅 一郎

出版者

日本學士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 = Transactions of the Japan Academy (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.3, pp.174-176, 2017-03

著者

塩野 宏

出版者

日本学士院

雑誌

日本學士院紀要 (ISSN:03880036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.75, no.2, pp.81-101, 2021 (Released:2021-02-20)

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The history of the Japan Academy goes back to the Tokyo Academy that was founded in 1879, up to ten years before the establishment of the Meiji Constitution (1889). When it was founded, it had Western academies as its model. After that it became the Imperial Academy in 1906 through its reorganization under the Meiji Constitution, and carried out activities within the country as an academy, and it also joined the Internationale Assoziation der Akademien (International Association of Academies) in the same year. Under the Constitution of Japan established after World War II (1946), the Science Council of Japan was set up as an institution representing Japan’s scientists in and out of the country. With this, the Imperial Academy was renamed as the Japan Academy and placed within the Science Council of Japan. After that the Japan Academy Act was established, and the Japan Academy drew away from the Science Council and became an independent institution for the preferential treatment of especially accomplished scientists, and it has carried on like this until today. According to the Japan Academy Act, the Academy aims to not only give privileges to scientists, but to also carry out work that is necessary for contributing to the development of science. As part of the international exchange of science, they have joined the Union Académique Internationale (which will henceforth be shortened to “UAI”) and have held the UAI General Assembly in Tokyo in 2017. (View PDF for the rest of the abstract.)