著者

樋口 雄彦

出版者

国立歴史民俗博物館

雑誌

国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告 (ISSN:02867400)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.109, pp.47-93, 2004-03

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維新後、旧幕臣は、徳川家に従い静岡へ移住するか、新政府に仕え朝臣となるか、帰農・帰商するかという選択を迫られた。一方、脱走・抗戦という第四の選択肢を選んだ者もいた。箱館五稜郭で官軍に降伏するまで戦った彼らの中には、洋学系の人材が豊富に含まれていた。榎本武揚ら幹部数名を除き、大多数の箱館戦争降伏人は明治三年(一八七〇)までには謹慎処分を解かれ、静岡藩に帰参する。一部の有能な降伏人は静岡・沼津の藩校等に採用されたが、「人減らし」を余儀なくされていた藩の内情では、ほとんどの者は一代限りの藩士身分と三人扶持という最低の扶持米を保障されることが精一杯であった。勝海舟は、箱館降伏人のうち優れた人物を選び、明治政府へ出仕させたり、他藩へ派遣したりといった方法で、藩外で活用しようとした。降伏人が他藩の教育・軍事の指導者として派遣された事例として、和歌山・津山・名古屋・福井等の諸藩への「御貸人」が知られる。なお、御貸人には、帰参した降伏人を静岡藩が直接派遣した場合と、諸藩に預けられ謹慎生活を送っていた降伏人がそのまま現地で採用された場合とがあった。一方、剣客・志士的資質を有した降伏人の中には、敵として戦った鹿児島藩に率先遊学し、同藩の質実剛健な士風に感化され、静岡藩で新たな教育機関の設立を発起する動きも現れた。人見寧が静岡に設立した集学所がそれで、士風刷新を目指し、文武両道を教えるとともに、他藩士との交遊も重視した。鹿児島藩遊学とそれがもたらした集学所は、藩内と藩内外での横の交流や自己修養を意図したものであり、洋学を通じ藩や国家に役立つ人材を下から上へ吸い上げるべく創られた静岡学問所・沼津兵学校とは全く違う意義をもつものだった。After the restoration of Emperor Meiji, vassals of the former Bakufu were faced with the option of moving to Shizuoka with the Tokugawa family, becoming court nobles who entered the service of the new government, or returning to farming or commerce. There were also those who chose the fourth option of escaping and taking part in the resistane. Many of the vassals who fought at the Goryokaku in Hakodate until they surrendered to the government forces had undertaken Western studies. With the exception of Enomoto Takeaki and several other high-ranking officials, most of the men who surrendered during the Battle of Hakodate were able to avoid confinement and returned to the Shizuoka feudal domain before 1870. Some of the competent among them were employed by domain schools in Shizuoka and Numazu. However, the situation inside the Shizuoka domain was such that they were forced to "reduce numbers" as the domain was finding it difficult enough to guarantee a minimum rice allowance so that in most cases the status of warrior was restricted to one generation and the allowance covered just three persons.Katsu Kaishu sought to make use of vassals outside of the domain and adopted a method whereby he selected the most talented among those who had surrendered at Hakodate and either sent them to serve under the Meiji government or dispatched them to other feudal domains. Examples of these men who were dispatched to other domains to provide instruction in education and military affairs are to be found in the well-known "Okashinin", or "loaned persons" who went to work in the various domains, including Wakayama, Tsuyama, Nagoya and Fukui. These Okashinin took up their new roles by either one of two methods: they were either sent to domains directly by the Shizuoka domain upon their return home, or they had been sent to the various domains to serve their period of confinement and were subsequently employed locally.Some of the vassals who surrendered that were skilled at sword fighting and very patriotic were the first to be sent to study under the Kagoshima domain, who had been their enemy in battle, where they came under the influence of the Kagoshima domain's simple and robust warrior spirit. This also motivated the establishment of new educational institutions within the Shizuoka feudal domain. One of these was the Shugakujo established in Shizuoka by Hitomi Yasushi, which aimed to enforce discipline among warriors and to provide education based on learning and martial arts, and also attached great importance to conducting exchanges with warriors from other domains. The intention behind sending these vassals to study in the Kagoshima domain and the Shugakujo that were established as a result, was the promotion of horizontal interaction within the domain and between the domain and outside, as well as self-cultivation. As such, their significance is totally different from that of the Shizuoka Gakumonjo and the Numazu Military Academy, which were established for the purpose of raising people through the ranks to serve the domain or the state by means of Western studies.