著者

吉田 一史美

出版者

日本生命倫理学会

雑誌

生命倫理 (ISSN:13434063)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.1, pp.150-158, 2016 (Released:2017-09-30)

参考文献数

26

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本稿は、1950年代に乳児院収容児に対して行われた2 つの人体実験、名古屋市立大学医学部の特殊大腸菌感染実験および神戸医科大学医学部の乳児栄養実験を取り上げる。これらの事例について、乳児院、医学者や関連産業をめぐる背景を検討し、人体実験が問題化された経緯と文脈をたどる。産婆による乳児保護システムの解体、第二次大戦中からつづく細菌学実験の系譜や、隆興する乳児栄養産業の影響等の条件が重なった結果、一部の大学病院内の乳児院で引き取り予定のない収容児等に対する人体実験が行われた。実験の告発は、小児科医や看護師によって行われ、日本弁護士連合会や神戸地方法務局が調査を実施し、「(基本的)人権の侵害」であると非難された。また法学者によって刑法学上の責任追及の可能性も示唆された。

著者

吉田 一史美

出版者

日本医学哲学・倫理学会

雑誌

医学哲学 医学倫理 (ISSN:02896427)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, pp.53-62, 2011-09-30 (Released:2018-02-01)

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This paper studies a movement in Japan in the 1970s and 1980s for a new adoption system to give women reproductive freedom by providing an alternative to abortion. The study examines why the adoption movement resulted in failure and reveals how concurrent campaigns to restrain abortion influenced this failure. In 1973, Dr. Noboru Kikuta publicly confessed to arranging 100 illegal adoptions using false birth certificates in cases of unwanted pregnancy to protect the mothers and save their fetuses. Subsequently, he started a movement to deny abortion to any woman past her seventh month of pregnancy, when a fetus can survive outside of the womb, and to establish a new adoption system protecting women's privacy in records of childbirth and adoption to provide an alternative to abortion. However, jurists did not embrace the protection of unmarried mothers from stigma and the Special Adoption Law established in 1987 did not reflect Kikuta's proposal. In the 1970s and 1980s, while Kikuta developed his movement, some religious groups and politicians criticized the Eugenic Protection Act, which was enacted in 1948 and allowed abortion within the seventh month. They campaigned to amend the act to prohibit most abortions and include disabled fetuses in eugenic policies instead. However, feminist and disabled people's groups protested against and frustrated the campaigns. As a side effect of this controversy, Kikuta's movement for a new adoption system was seen as being radically pro-life or anti-feminist. Moreover, obstetricians making a living by performing abortion and feminists did not actively support him. Kikuta's new adoption system was a simple proposal to protect fetuses' lives and add to women's choices, but the concurrent anti-abortion campaigns made Kikuta's beliefs and actions seem overly political. Kikuta's failure and the present situation of adoption in Japan are representative of the limitations of women's reproductive freedom in Japan.

著者

吉田 一史美

出版者

立命館大学人間科学研究所

雑誌

立命館人間科学研究 = 立命館人間科学研究 (ISSN:1346678X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, pp.33-42, 2017-06

著者

吉田 一史美

出版者

日本医学哲学・倫理学会

雑誌

医学哲学 医学倫理 (ISSN:02896427)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, pp.11-21, 2013 (Released:2018-02-01)

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In the 1940s in Japan, professionally trained midwives, not doctors, assisted most births by pregnant women. Also, midwives sometimes arranged for the formal or informal adoptions of infants whose parents could not raise them. In 1948, a midwife was arrested for letting an estimated 103 infants left for adoption die at the Kotobuki Maternity Home in Tokyo since 1944. The infanticides were seen as a result of strict anti-abortion regulations in wartime; the incident was used to promote the passage of the Eugenic Protection Law in 1948 to legalize abortion. Most researchers have mentioned infanticides by midwives in the context of women’s reproductive freedom and the decline of midwifery since the 1950s in Japan. This paper uses the perspective of protecting infants’ lives to examine how the infanticide incident affected the situations of women with unintended pregnancies and infants relinquished by their parents. The paper deals with historical materials from mainly the 1930s and 1940s, including newspapers, governmental documents and specialist journals for midwives. From the 1930s to right after the end of World War II, midwives were in charge of giving infant health care counseling and sheltering infants for adoption arrangements. However, after the Kotobuki Maternity Home incident, midwives were prohibited from sheltering infants or arranging adoptions. The Eugenic Protection Law was enacted in 1948 to allow women to undergo abortions; also, infants’ homes and children’s welfare centers, which had been established by the Child Welfare Law of 1947, were given the responsibility of sheltering infants and arranging child adoptions. Furthermore, midwives’ responsibility for infant health care was taken over by public community nurses. The child welfare systems constructed in the postwar era treated pregnant women and infants separately, ending midwives’ more holistic protection of infants’ lives through their interconnected responsibilities of assisting pregnant women and caring for infants.

著者

吉田 一史美

出版者

日本生命倫理学会

雑誌

生命倫理 (ISSN:13434063)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.1, pp.150-158, 2016

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<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;本稿は、1950年代に乳児院収容児に対して行われた2 つの人体実験、名古屋市立大学医学部の特殊大腸菌感染実験および神戸医科大学医学部の乳児栄養実験を取り上げる。これらの事例について、乳児院、医学者や関連産業をめぐる背景を検討し、人体実験が問題化された経緯と文脈をたどる。産婆による乳児保護システムの解体、第二次大戦中からつづく細菌学実験の系譜や、隆興する乳児栄養産業の影響等の条件が重なった結果、一部の大学病院内の乳児院で引き取り予定のない収容児等に対する人体実験が行われた。実験の告発は、小児科医や看護師によって行われ、日本弁護士連合会や神戸地方法務局が調査を実施し、「(基本的)人権の侵害」であると非難された。また法学者によって刑法学上の責任追及の可能性も示唆された。</p>

著者

吉田 一史美

出版者

立命館大学人間科学研究所

雑誌

立命館人間科学研究 (ISSN:1346678X)

巻号頁・発行日

no.19, pp.77-90, 2009-08

著者

吉田一史美 由井秀樹編

出版者

立命館大学生存学研究センター

巻号頁・発行日

2016

著者

吉田 一史美

出版者

日本医学哲学・倫理学会

雑誌

医学哲学医学倫理 (ISSN:02896427)

巻号頁・発行日

no.29, pp.53-62, 2011-09-30

---

This paper studies a movement in Japan in the 1970s and 1980s for a new adoption system to give women reproductive freedom by providing an alternative to abortion. The study examines why the adoption movement resulted in failure and reveals how concurrent campaigns to restrain abortion influenced this failure. In 1973, Dr. Noboru Kikuta publicly confessed to arranging 100 illegal adoptions using false birth certificates in cases of unwanted pregnancy to protect the mothers and save their fetuses. Subsequently, he started a movement to deny abortion to any woman past her seventh month of pregnancy, when a fetus can survive outside of the womb, and to establish a new adoption system protecting women's privacy in records of childbirth and adoption to provide an alternative to abortion. However, jurists did not embrace the protection of unmarried mothers from stigma and the Special Adoption Law established in 1987 did not reflect Kikuta's proposal. In the 1970s and 1980s, while Kikuta developed his movement, some religious groups and politicians criticized the Eugenic Protection Act, which was enacted in 1948 and allowed abortion within the seventh month. They campaigned to amend the act to prohibit most abortions and include disabled fetuses in eugenic policies instead. However, feminist and disabled people's groups protested against and frustrated the campaigns. As a side effect of this controversy, Kikuta's movement for a new adoption system was seen as being radically pro-life or anti-feminist. Moreover, obstetricians making a living by performing abortion and feminists did not actively support him. Kikuta's new adoption system was a simple proposal to protect fetuses' lives and add to women's choices, but the concurrent anti-abortion campaigns made Kikuta's beliefs and actions seem overly political. Kikuta's failure and the present situation of adoption in Japan are representative of the limitations of women's reproductive freedom in Japan.