著者

土田 了輔 直原 幹 阪元 容昌 相河 美花

出版者

日本体育・スポーツ哲学会

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.2, pp.17-25, 2001

被引用文献数

1

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Recently people enjoy playing street basketball in a playground. Such a &ldquo;playground style&rdquo; game (let me call the game style local game hereafter) is also played in Japan.<br>In general, local games have flexibility to change rules depending on the participants' situations and their interests. These local games have a tendency to omit some elements from the official rules due to participants' pleasure. For example, a free throw is one of the rules, which is frequently omitted in local games. Actually, in many cases, a throw-in from out of bounds instead of free throw was approved when a player committed a foul on a shot. Why was the free throw rule omitted in local games? The reason for that seemed to depend on participants' pleasure. Their pleasure, however, is difficult to treat in scientific studies, because someone's pleasure is not always other's pleasure.<br>In this paper, to resolve this problem, the concept of &ldquo;game complex&rdquo; was highlighted as a jargon apparatus which could serve as a tool of analysis. Furthermore, game was defined as a group of acts which had three elements; 1) a number of participants, 2) performances for a point, and 3) an interest of participants.<br>With the definition of game, the free throw was considered to be a sub-game of the basketball main-game, and a basketball game is seen as a &ldquo;game complex&rdquo;. When participants approved this sub-game and found pleasure in the elements of the game or regarded sub-game as a metaphor of a situation that was lost in main-game, a game complex would be divided into some parts. This was a reason why the free throw was omitted in local games. Moreover, local games had a possibility to become a new official game. In the present paper, correlations between a local game and the official game are discussed.

著者

鈴木 理 土田 了輔 廣瀬 勝弘 鈴木 直樹

出版者

日本体育・スポーツ哲学会

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.2, pp.7-23, 2003

被引用文献数

3

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Although there are several types of ball games, the essential component in all such games is a competition leading to a future unknown result. Clarifying the structure of games based on the objective of competition, the competitive task, and the method selected for such task-solving, this article argues for a new theory of classification for ball games.<br>Ball games include two distinct procedures: active competition aimed at influencing the unknown future result and the imposition of an agreed upon organization for scoring and timing of play period. The objective of the active competition phase consists of engaging in one of the following enterprises: ball-progressing (or multiple ball progressing in the case of golf or bowling) to an objective point or individual player movement to an objective point. Ball and player progressing is accomplished through offensive or defensive group or individual activity.<br>Considering these elements, ball games can be classified into three categories: breakthrough games, target-shooting games, and base-running games. Furthermore, based on the layered structure of defensive interface and the selected method of ball-progressing corresponding to that structure, breakthrough games were further divided into five sub categories.<br>Those findings provide a model for physical education teachers attempting to utilize the ball game as teaching material.

著者

鈴木 理 廣瀬 勝弘 土田 了輔 鈴木 直樹

出版者

日本体育科教育学会

雑誌

体育科教育学研究 (ISSN:13428039)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.1, pp.1-11, 2008-03-10 (Released:2012-09-24)

参考文献数

18

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The essential component of ball games is competition for the uncertain outcome. Clarifying the structure of the games with the viewpoint of players, this article argues for a theoretical framework to grasp the relations among the objective of competition, the task of competition, and the method selected for task-solving.Although there are several types of ball games, all of them include one of two distinct objectives: ballprogressing to an objective point or movement of an individual player to an objective point. Ball or player progression is accomplished through conflicts between offense and defense or the activity of an individual player.Considering these elements, the process of task-solving can be classified into four types: “target-shooting”, “breakthrough”, “breakthrough ± target-shooting”, and “breakthrough ± base-advance”. Each type of task-solving reveals a fundamental learning content of the game. Furthermore, based on the layered structure of defensive interface and the selected method of ball- progressing corresponding to that structure, several types of confrontation between offense and defense can be distinguished: “separation”, “confusion”, “cross-border”, and “alternation”.Those findings promote curricular conversion from “athletic event priority” to “learning contents priority” in teaching ball games.

著者

土田 了輔 服部 豊示 舛本 直文

出版者

日本体育・スポーツ哲学会

雑誌

体育・スポーツ哲学研究 (ISSN:09155104)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.2, pp.25-43, 1997 (Released:2010-04-30)