著者

池内 長良

出版者

地理科学学会

雑誌

地理科学 (ISSN:02864886)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.49, no.4, pp.213-234, 1994 (Released:2017-04-27)

参考文献数

36

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It is possible to find out about the rice crops in lean years by studying the reductions in land taxes. In this paper, the auther focuses on land taxes as indices of the crops and elucidates the distribution of the reductions in land taxes in Kyushu, Chugoku and Shikoku district where there were regions severely hit by planthopper damage. The Shogunate government granted loans to feudal lords whose land tax in Kyoho 17 (1732) was less than half of their normal land tax. In Kyushu, Chugoku and Shikoku, loans were granted to all independent clans located within the following boundaries; the southern boundary lay on the south of the Takanabe and Hitoyoshi Clans, and the eastern lay to the east of the Mori and Tosa Clans. With regard to the Chikugo Kurume Clan, Nakatsu Clan (Buzen Domain, Chikuzen Domain, Bingo Domain), Bungo Oka Clan and the lzumo Matsue Clan, clans and domains can be arranged as follows in order of the rate of reduction of their land taxes: Nakatsu Chikuzen Domain, Kurume Clan, Nakatsu Buzen Domain, Matsue Clan, Nakatsu Bingo Domain, Oka Clan. In the villages of the Karatsu Domain, the Fukuoka Domain, the Kokura Domain, the Buzen Domain of the Nakatsu Clan and the Bungo Domain of the Nobeoka Clan, the land taxes paid for the paddy fields dropped to less than 10% of the Harumendaka. There were, however, villages in the long, narrow valleys of the interior where the drop was small. In the Bungo Domain and the Buzen Domain, some villages paid no land taxes for their padday fields although the fall was small compared to villages on private lands. All the villages however, were entirely exempted from paying taxes for their plowed fields. As for the villages in Aki and Bingo in the San'yo belt, there was a great reduction in the land taxes of the Aki villages, marking a sharp contrast with those of Bingo. Among the villages of Bicchu, there were large drops in the land taxes paid by the Shogunate domains while there were little reductions in the land taxes paid by private domains. In the Shogunate domain of Mimasaka, the drop in the eastern part was smaller than that in the western. In the lzumo Matsue Clan and the Shogunate domain of Iwami in the San'in belt, though there were some villages which paid no land taxes for their paddy fields, the land taxes paid for the plowed fields were the same amount as the Jomen. The ratios of the land taxes for the paddy fields and plowed fields in the Hamada Clan are not clear, yet the reductions in their land taxes are almost the same as the overall reduction in the land taxes for both paddy fields and plowed fields in the Shogunate domain of Iwami. In the lyo Matsuyama Clan, priority was given to securing seed rice, which meant that they paid no land taxes. That which could be used as seed rice was presented as tax and compensation was granted instead by the clan in the form of soybeans. In the Ochigun Domain of the Imabari Clan, there were two groups with great reductions in land taxes among the 52 villages located in and around the Imabari plains. As for the villages of the lyo Saijo Domain situated on the Niihama plains, the reductions in their land taxes were extremely small.

著者

池内 長良

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, no.1, pp.1-24, 1992-02-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

131

被引用文献数

3 1

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The rainy season in 1732 persisted for some 50 days. In the intercalary month of May, it rained day after day. Around May 10th, there was heavy rainfall resulting in extensive flood damage. Fortunately however, as the rain fell comparatively early, it was possible to minimize the damage by replanting the seedlings and also by switching to dry field farming. Following the rainy season, rainfall was moderate but the weather was unstable with thunderstorms, mixed sunshine and rain, and drizzles frequently occurring, lowering temperatures. The presumption is that the unfavorable conditions which had continued since the planting of the rice plants resulted in their feeble growth.There was an abnormal outbreak of planthoppers immediately following the end of the long rainy season and it was widely believed that this outbreak of planthoppers was related to the prolonged rains. However, recognition of the insect outbreak was based on theories of natural causes and the “In-yo-Gogyo-setsu” (Yin-yang and the Five Elements). Naturally, it was concluded that the extended rain had caused air borne planthoppers to arrive in great numbers. The presumption is now that the scant sunshine and high humidity prevailing during June and July, together with the growing conditions of rice plants, resulted in even heavier damage by the planthoppers.In the Kyushu, Chugoku and Shikoku districts, all private and Shogunate domains sent in urgent warnings (notifications) concerning the outbreak of planthoppers to the Shogunate government. Even when we examine the detached territories, we find that it was only the Mimasaka domain of the Annaka Clan that failed to send in a notification. In the Kinki district, 21 private clan domains (out of 57) and 11 magistrates' offices of the Shogunate domains (out of 15) sent in urgent warnings. The majority of the private domains in Kyushu also sent in their notifications at an early date. With respect to the private domains in Chugoku and Shikoku, the periods when notifications were sent in differed between the western and eastern halves of the districts assuming that a line is drawn from north to south down the center of these two districts. Notifications from private domains in the eastern parts of the Chugoku and Shikoku districts were sent in a at a later date as was the case with the Kinki district. Their notifications were sent in late because it was after harvesting that they realized than the damage was far worse than first expected.In Kyushu, abnormal insect damage caused by white-backed rice planthoppers occurred from the beginning of June. The Omura domain suffered severe damage in early June, and similar damage, the “Kabudae” phenomenon, struck the Isahaya and Saeki domains in mid-June with the result that these three domains resorted to switching to dry field farming. In Westen Japan, abnormal insect damage had occurred in almost all areas by mid-July. Particularly in villages in the Suo Hagi and Aki Hiroshima domains, rice crops were completely destroyed in a matter of a few days around July 15th. This date coincided with the period when late rice formed ears. The damage suffered during this period was that caused mainly by brown rice planthoppers. Shiinoki Village of the Chikuzen Akizuki domain experienced damage from both white-backed planthoppers and brown rice planthoppers. However, around July 11th the principal cause of rice plant damage changed from white-backed to brown rice planthoppers.Discovery of the oiling method to exterminate planthoppers marks an epoch in the history of agriculutral techniques of the modern age, but there is as yet no established theory concerning this method. Information on the oiling method spread primarily around the Fukuoka domain, the Omura domain and the territory controlled by Hitadaikan. In the Fukuoka domain, the villages were notified to adopt the oiling method as a “divine message from the Tenman-sama.”