著者

蓮見 雄

出版者

ロシア・東欧学会

雑誌

ロシア・東欧研究 (ISSN:13486497)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2016, no.45, pp.3-4, 2016 (Released:2018-06-02)

著者

蓮見 雄

出版者

ロシア・東欧学会

雑誌

ロシア・東欧研究 (ISSN:13486497)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2016, no.45, pp.5-31, 2016 (Released:2018-06-02)

参考文献数

78

---

In this article, we discuss the correlation between structural change in the world economy and Russian strategy. The transition to market economy in former socialist countries was the process joining the neo-liberalistic world economy. The liberalization of cross-border capital flow accelerated the expansion of capital markets and outsourcing. It stimulated the economic growth in China and other East Asian countries. Russia also enjoyed its benefits increasing oil price. It has caused a power shift from Europe and United States to Asia.But the failure of “circulation of growth”—the financial capitalism driven by USA and EU, the export-led quantitative growth in China, and the growth in Russia depended on natural resources—was revealed after the global economic crisis in 2009.According to the Constellation theory, the Ukraine crisis reflects an unstable hegemonic core of the world economy. In the EU financial institutions were relieved, but the burden is imposed on citizens by the reduced budget. It caused social deficits and anti-EU movements. At the same time, because of developing division of labor between East Asian countries, the East Asia economy is stepping into the way of self-sustained growth.The competition for hegemony of the world economy is intensified by mega-regions. A Eurasian Union alone could not be a very serious challenge to the hegemonic core. However, Russia’s Pivot to the East will strengthen its economic relations with East Asian countries, and might contribute to development of “counterpoints” with the capitalism model different from the neo-liberal one.The world energy market is undergoing a structural change through liberalization, development of renewables, and change of demands from Europe to Asia. Russia, depending on resources, must adapt to changes in the energy market and modernize its economic structure. The eastwards shift of Russia may be a wise choice. Its strategy is an adaptation to the structural change in the world economy, even if it costs enormous money to develop Far East regions in Russia. Closer relations between Russia and Asian countries will secure the energy supply in Asia and support their development. The power shift from the West to the East will be accelerated. From the long-term viewpoints, Russian joining the division of labor in Asia could be a chance of modernizing Russian industry.At the same time, for Russia, being afraid of excessive dependence on China, the cooperation with Japan is more important than ever.

著者

五十嵐 徳子 加藤 有子 蓮見 雄 羽場 久美子

出版者

ロシア・東欧学会

雑誌

ロシア・東欧研究 (ISSN:13486497)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2013, no.42, pp.45-71, 2013 (Released:2015-05-28)

著者

蓮見 雄

出版者

日本EU学会

雑誌

日本EU学会年報 (ISSN:18843123)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2004, no.24, pp.125-143,315, 2004-09-30 (Released:2010-05-21)

参考文献数

33

被引用文献数

5 1

---

The Kaliningrad problems are the test of Europe after enlargement of the EU. The EU is confronted with the question how to realize the Eastward enlargement without creating a new dividing line between the enlarged EU and Russia. On one hand, it requests future Member States to tighten the control of their borders with external areas. On the other hand, it seeks for closer cooperation with Russia.Accession negotiations have been separated from external affairs over the years. Kaliningrad, —a Russian exclave—has been treated as if another mere Russian border. But the daily life of the people there depends on Visa-free transit between its borders of Poland and Lithuania, based on a historical heritage of the past Communist bloc. With the failure of the Special Economic Zone due to conflicts between Moscow and Kaliningrad, it brings about soft security problems (shadow economy, illegal activities, and pollutions), which pose a threat to the security of the whole Europe.Kaliningrad, which is located on the Baltic Sea between Poland and Lithuania, will become a Russian enclave within the enlarged EU and find itself enclosed by Schengen borders causing access problems for outsiders. It might broaden the socio-economic gap between the EU and this region, and make Russia isolated. Eventually, it would threaten the sustainability of the region.Therefore, the prospect for getting rid of the gap is vital to solve the Kaliningrad problems. In other words, the future development of Kaliningrad is closely linked to building the Wider Europe, including the Common European Economic Space between the EU and Russia. Recently Russian government is making the development plan based on the national strategy to change Kaliningrad from Symbols of dividing to Footholds of cooperation, coming close to the EU system through the Common European Economic Space.Economy and social life in Kaliningrad are sensitive to external factors—EU and NATO expansion to the east. There is a need for favorable international relations and a stable legal and institutional environment of the market, which are based on the balance of various economic and political factors. Without cooperation of neighbouring countries, Kaliningrad is not an advantageous region as a Russian gateway to Europe. But its unique geographical location—enclave within the enlarged EU—offers opportunities for more cooperation and more prosperity for the people there. It could be able to play the role as a pilot region, where the EU and Russia discuss issues affecting common interests and work together to realize cooperation experimentally. Now the EU and Russia are Ever Closer partners in a Wider Europe.The Northern Dimension aims to intensify cross border cooperation between the EU and Northeast regions of Russia, creating security and stability and addressing the problems related to uneven development in the region. And its concept might be applied to the cooperation with European CIS (Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova) in the future. In the process of building Europe with no dividing, St. Petersburg could restore the traditional position—a Russian window to Europe—and Kaliningrad could play the role of its Satellite. The slogan—Russia in Europe—is an effective trademark for the Kaliningrad playing a major role in its closer ties with Europe.

著者

蓮見 雄

出版者

Japan Association for Comparative Economic Studies

雑誌

比較経済体制学会年報 (ISSN:13484060)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.1, pp.15-26,78, 2004-01-31 (Released:2009-12-03)

参考文献数

36

---

EUの「包領」となるカリーニングラードの問題は,EU拡大後のヨーロッパを占う試金石である。経済特区の失敗は経済悪化と闇経済の蔓延をもたらし,EUとの社会経済的格差が拡大した。問題解決には,これを克服する展望を作り出すことが重要である。ロシアは,ヨーロツバ共通経済空間を通じたEUとの制度的収斂とともに,この地を「分断の象徴から協力の拠点へ」と変革する国家戦略に基づいた開発プランを推進すべきである。

著者

蓮見 雄

出版者

The European Union Studies Association-Japan

雑誌

日本EU学会年報 (ISSN:18843123)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2004, no.24, pp.125-143,315, 2004

被引用文献数

1

---

The Kaliningrad problems are the test of Europe after enlargement of the EU. The EU is confronted with the question how to realize the Eastward enlargement without creating a new dividing line between the enlarged EU and Russia. On one hand, it requests future Member States to tighten the control of their borders with external areas. On the other hand, it seeks for closer cooperation with Russia.<br>Accession negotiations have been separated from external affairs over the years. Kaliningrad, —a Russian <i>exclave</i>—has been treated as if another mere Russian border. But the daily life of the people there depends on Visa-free transit between its borders of Poland and Lithuania, based on a historical heritage of the past Communist bloc. With the failure of the Special Economic Zone due to conflicts between Moscow and Kaliningrad, it brings about <i>soft</i> security problems (shadow economy, illegal activities, and pollutions), which pose a threat to the security of the whole Europe.<br>Kaliningrad, which is located on the Baltic Sea between Poland and Lithuania, will become a Russian <i>enclave</i> within the enlarged EU and find itself enclosed by Schengen borders causing access problems for outsiders. It might broaden the socio-economic gap between the EU and this region, and make Russia isolated. Eventually, it would threaten the sustainability of the region.<br>Therefore, the prospect for getting rid of the gap is vital to solve the Kaliningrad problems. In other words, the future development of Kaliningrad is closely linked to building the <i>Wider Europe</i>, including the <i>Common European Economic Space</i> between the EU and Russia. Recently Russian government is making the development plan based on the national strategy to change Kaliningrad <i>from Symbols of dividing to Footholds of cooperation</i>, coming close to the EU system through the <i>Common European Economic Space</i>.<br>Economy and social life in Kaliningrad are sensitive to external factors—EU and NATO expansion to the east. There is a need for favorable international relations and a stable legal and institutional environment of the market, which are based on the balance of various economic and political factors. Without cooperation of neighbouring countries, Kaliningrad is not an advantageous region as a Russian gateway to Europe. But its unique geographical location—<i>enclave</i> within the enlarged EU—offers opportunities for more cooperation and more prosperity for the people there. It could be able to play the role as a <i>pilot region</i>, where the EU and Russia discuss issues affecting common interests and work together to realize cooperation experimentally. Now the EU and Russia are <i>Ever Closer partners in a Wider Europe</i>.<br>The <i>Northern Dimension</i> aims to intensify cross border cooperation between the EU and Northeast regions of Russia, creating security and stability and addressing the problems related to uneven development in the region. And its concept might be applied to the cooperation with European CIS (Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova) in the future. In the process of building <i>Europe with no dividing</i>, St. Petersburg could restore the traditional position—<i>a Russian window to Europe</i>—and Kaliningrad could play the role of its Satellite. The slogan—<i>Russia in Europe</i>—is an effective trademark for the Kaliningrad playing a major role in its closer ties with Europe.