著者

野原 康弘 Yasuhiro Nohara 桃山学院大学経営学部

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

桃山学院大学キリスト教論集 = St. Andrew's University Journal of Christian Studies (ISSN:0286973X)

巻号頁・発行日

no.44, pp.1-42, 2009-02-20

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In UK, the death of Elizabeth II automatically should place her son Charles, Prince of Wales, on the throne. There should be no difficulty at all as to who inherits the crown; no civil strife between her children, Charles, Anne, Andrew and Edward. In the past, however, this peaceful state of crowning was not common, on the contrary, coronations often led to bloodshed; the first in succession to the throne did not always manage to mount the throne. When King Edward the Confessor died childless in 1066, a question, who should succeed the throne, occurred naturally. Edgar, who was the grandson of King Edmund, was one, Norwegian-Danish King Harald was also one, and Guillaume, the Duke of Normandy was another. Nevertheless Harold, the son of Earl Godwin, took a drastic measure: he had two services on the same day; King Edward's burial and his own coronation, which was extremely unusual even at that time, and which eventually aggravated the matter. The above three people appealed Harold's coronation. Edgar, however, was regarded too small to succeed the throne. King Harald from Norway invaded the north of England and occupied York temporarily but was finally defeated by newly crowned King Harold at the Battle of Stamford Bridge. Guillaume with a stronger claim against Harold was different from the two. He was waiting for the good time for a battle with Harold. Guillaume was born in 1027 at Falaise in Normandy, France, as an illegitimate child of the sixth Duke Robert of Normandy. King Edward's mother, Emma, was from Normandy, and Guillaume and King Edward were relatives. Guillaume made an invasion at Pevensey with a great fleet of warships in 1066. As is well-known, he completely beat King Harold's army at the Battle of Hastings. Nevertheless, it was more than two months before he crowned himself as William the Conqueror, King of England. This summer, I visited cities and towns in Normandy which were related to Guillaume, and also drove along the south-eastern coast of England. This means that I tried to follow the steps of Guillaume's conquest of England.

著者

野原 康弘 佐藤 栄治 三橋 伸夫

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.81, no.719, pp.153-161, 2016 (Released:2016-01-30)

参考文献数

26

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The purpose of this study is to obtain the knowledge about the assessment methodology of present environmental condition for the elderly people in residential area. And the methodology will be able to judge the future situation whether the residential area would be habitable. We analyze the characteristics of the local, Nasushiobara city in Tochigi. And to use GIS and to calculate the physical environment clarified the situation of local areas quantitatively. As the results of the analysis, we made sure of distribution of the accessibility between the urban area and the agricultural and mountainous rural area. The most accessible facility is “bus-stop”, and the agricultural and mountain area have relatively low accessibility. The worst accessible facility is "medical institution". Distribution of accessibility with regard to police station and post office is low.

著者

野原 康弘

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

桃山学院大学総合研究所紀要 (ISSN:1346048X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, no.1, pp.115-168, 2018-07

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Nagasaki city, with a population today of 420,000, used to be a poor village until OhmuraSumitada, a feudal lord, authorized its opening as a port and the initiation of commerce withPortuguese merchants in 1571. Not only trading merchants but also many Christians moved intothis village and colonized it. More than 15 churches were built in the small area one after another,and the village resounded far and wide with church bells, reminiscent of Rome itself. So Nagasakicame to be called "Little Rome." As a matter of fact, the village was donated to the Society ofJesus. The village seemed to grow and flourish, but its prosperous years failed to last, contraryto expectations.In 1614, the ban on Christianity was issued, which led to attacks on Catholicism, including thedestruction of churches and the persecution of Christians. Churches were replaced by temples.Christians were supposed to disappear completely.So Buddhist ceremonies came to be held in Nagasaki. One such ceremony was the BonFestival, which used to be held in the middle of the seventh month in the lunar calendar. Thesolar calendar introduced by the Meiji Government caused a upheaval of events and seasons. Themiddle of the seventh month ( July) in the solar calendar is in the midst of the rainy season, nota suitable season for the Bon Festival. During the Bon Festival, Nagasaki people usually visit theirancestors' grave with their family, clean and decorate the grave, and offer food to their ancestors.It is common for many families to hold a banquet at the graveyard to entertain their visitors,which in former times often resulted in the spread of plague. After a heated discussion, aconclusion was reached : the Bon Festival would be moved to mid-August (the eighth month).During the Bon Festival, people welcome the spirits of the deceased to visit their homes, tostay with their families until the last day of Bon, when the spirits have to return to Jodo, theBuddhist Pure Land. So the family make a ship (called Shorobune) for the spirit, carry it to theseashore, and launch it to sail to the West. This custom is called Shoronagashi. At first, the shipswere quite humble affairs, but over time people wanted to make them fancier as they werebelieved to carry the spirits to Jodo. Many families who lose a family member start making sucha ship.Shoronagashi is, in other words, a spirit boat procession unique to Nagasaki. On the last day ofthe Bon Festival, a large number of ships of various sizes are carried by family members and theirfriends to the seaside area to be sailed to so-called Jodo. The streets leading to the shore throngwith ships and people. Firecrackers explode here and there, and earsplitting noises can be heardall around. People carrying the ships shout with passion. So the procession of the ships isnoisy but joyous. Behavior generally disallowed in daily life and acts beyond the bounds ofcommon sense are traditionally permitted only during Shoronagashi.On arriving at the spot to release the ship, however, deep sorrow falls on the revelers all of asudden. Everybody is filled with a sense of loss and deprivation, recalling the feeling of a ratherdifferent event. Indeed, it seems akin to a funeral, or rather, a second funeral. To be more precise,this event ought to be considered the formal funeral.When the family member passed away, his or her funeral was performed.It was naturally a private funeral. Everything may well have been done all too quickly. Or thefamily might have had no time to think about reflecting their deceased member's intentions. Theysimply followed the instructions of the funeral director. But if this Shoronagashi is regarded as theformal funeral, all the people of Nagasaki, regardless of faith, can join the Bon ceremony to shiptheir ancestors to their respective destinations, whether Jodo, Paradise or elsewhere.Even Christians, if they wish to, can join this event, which originated from Buddhism, withoutqualms, attesting to the fact that Christianity came first to Nagasaki, and Buddhism second.Nagasaki has grown larger through these faiths as a remarkable city.

著者

野原 康弘 Yasuhiro Nohara 桃山学院大学経営学部

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

英米評論 = ENGLISH REVIEW (ISSN:09170200)

巻号頁・発行日

no.17, pp.49-78, 2002-12-20

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Traditionally people usually recognize adverbs by the commonest suffix -ly : absolutely, abruptly, absently, accurately, etc. There are many adverbs, however, which are not recognizable in this way : indeed, now, often, soon, etc. And there are also a lot of adjectives which have the same suffix -ly (which is called 'adjectival -ly'): brotherly, friendly, ugly, weekly, etc. And some adverbs have two forms, each of which has a different meaning : dear

著者

野原 康弘 Yasuhiro Nohara

雑誌

英米評論 = ENGLISH REVIEW (ISSN:09170200)

巻号頁・発行日

no.17, pp.49-78, 2002-12-20

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Traditionally people usually recognize adverbs by the commonest suffix -ly : absolutely, abruptly, absently, accurately, etc. There are many adverbs, however, which are not recognizable in this way : indeed, now, often, soon, etc. And there are also a lot of adjectives which have the same suffix -ly (which is called ‘adjectival -ly’): brotherly, friendly, ugly, weekly, etc. And some adverbs have two forms, each of which has a different meaning : dear

著者

野原 康弘 Yasuhiro Nohara 桃山学院大学経営学部

雑誌

桃山学院大学キリスト教論集 = St. Andrew's University Journal of Christian Studies (ISSN:0286973X)

巻号頁・発行日

no.44, pp.1-42, 2009-02-20

---

In UK, the death of Elizabeth II automatically should place her son Charles, Prince of Wales, on the throne. There should be no difficulty at all as to who inherits the crown; no civil strife between her children, Charles, Anne, Andrew and Edward. In the past, however, this peaceful state of crowning was not common, on the contrary, coronations often led to bloodshed; the first in succession to the throne did not always manage to mount the throne. When King Edward the Confessor died childless in 1066, a question, who should succeed the throne, occurred naturally. Edgar, who was the grandson of King Edmund, was one, Norwegian-Danish King Harald was also one, and Guillaume, the Duke of Normandy was another. Nevertheless Harold, the son of Earl Godwin, took a drastic measure: he had two services on the same day; King Edward's burial and his own coronation, which was extremely unusual even at that time, and which eventually aggravated the matter. The above three people appealed Harold's coronation. Edgar, however, was regarded too small to succeed the throne. King Harald from Norway invaded the north of England and occupied York temporarily but was finally defeated by newly crowned King Harold at the Battle of Stamford Bridge. Guillaume with a stronger claim against Harold was different from the two. He was waiting for the good time for a battle with Harold. Guillaume was born in 1027 at Falaise in Normandy, France, as an illegitimate child of the sixth Duke Robert of Normandy. King Edward's mother, Emma, was from Normandy, and Guillaume and King Edward were relatives. Guillaume made an invasion at Pevensey with a great fleet of warships in 1066. As is well-known, he completely beat King Harold's army at the Battle of Hastings. Nevertheless, it was more than two months before he crowned himself as William the Conqueror, King of England. This summer, I visited cities and towns in Normandy which were related to Guillaume, and also drove along the south-eastern coast of England. This means that I tried to follow the steps of Guillaume's conquest of England.

著者

野原 康弘 Yasuhiro NOHARA 桃山学院大学文学部

雑誌

英米評論 = ENGLISH REVIEW (ISSN:09170200)

巻号頁・発行日

no.10, pp.41-65, 1995-12-20

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This article concerns the Numerals in Chaucer (1340?-1400), concentrating on the historical transition of the composite numerals. A numeral '24', for example. There used to be three types to read such a numeral 24: TYPE I: four and twenty, TYPE II: twenty and four, TYPE III: twenty-four. In Old English (OE) and Middle English (ME) composite numerals from '21' to '99', the units came before tens. TYPE I and TYPE II were quite common at the age of Chaucer. TYPE III, which was completely unfamiliar to people in the later middle ages in England, is now familiar to the modern ear. TYPE I is the traditional way among Germanic Languages and TYPE III comes from French language. Although TYPE I was often used until the middle of this century, TYPE III has taken its place lately. The final aim of this article is to explain why this transition occurred. I believe that a great number of TYPE III set-phrases influenced its transition.