- 著者
- Hiroaki MASUOKA Kouya SHIMADA Tomoyo KIYOSUE-YASUDA Masaharu KIYOSUE Yukie OISHI Seiji KIMURA Akio YAMADA Kazuhiro HIRAYAMA
- 出版者
- BMFH出版会
- 雑誌
- Bioscience of Microbiota, Food and Health (ISSN:21863342)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- pp.BMFH-2016-021, (Released:2016-11-12)
- 被引用文献数
- 43
Although it is established that the composition of the human intestinal microbiota changes with age, transition of the intestinal microbiota of animals with age has not been well studied. In the present study, we collected fresh fecal samples from dogs of 5 different age groups (pre-weanling, weanling, young, aged, senile) and analyzed the compositions of their intestinal microbiota with a culture-based method. The results suggested that the composition of the canine intestinal microbiota also changes with age. Among intestinal bacteria predominant in dog intestines, lactobacilli appeared to change with age. Both the number and the prevalence of lactobacilli tended to decrease when dogs became older. Bifidobacteria, on the other hand, was not predominant in the intestine of the dogs. We also identified lactobacilli at the species level based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and found that the species composition of Lactobacillus also changed with age. It was further suggested that bacteria species beneficial to host animals may differ depending on the host species.
- 著者
- Akio Yamada Kohei Makita Hazumu Kadowaki Naoto Ito Makoto Sugiyama Nigel C.L. Kwan Katsuaki Sugiura
- 出版者
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases
- 雑誌
- Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases (ISSN:13446304)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.72, no.4, pp.203-210, 2019 (Released:2019-07-24)
- 参考文献数
- 58
- 被引用文献数
- 7 10
Although rabies still kills many people, the global eradication of human rabies is considered to be feasible. Progress towards eradication may differ among regions with differing socio-economic statuses; therefore, states that successfully eradicate this disease must be vigilant for rabies re-emergence. Here, we discuss challenges that remain concerning current rabies prevention measures and risk assessment results concerning possible rabies introduction and spread in rabies-free Japan. We summarize the preventative measures undertaken by representative rabies-free countries and regions. Our risk assessment results show that the risk of rabies reintroduction under current circumstances is very low, and that subsequent spread of the disease would be minimal because of quite low value of basic reproduction number. Similar assessments conducted in other rabies-free areas also showed limited risks of introduction. The majority of rabies-free countries maintain their rabies-free status through strict import quarantine of carnivorous animals, efficient surveillance of animal rabies including wildlife, quick emergency responses, and raising public awareness of the disease. To maintain the current rabies-free status in Japan, we strongly recommend maintaining the current quarantine system and reinforcing stakeholder compliance for those involved in international movement of dogs. Moreover, sustainable surveillance systems targeting wildlife are indispensable.
- 著者
- Zenta TAKATSU Muneya TSUDA Akio YAMADA Hiroshi MATSUMOTO Akira TAKAI Yasuhiro TAKEDA Mitsunori TAKASE
- 出版者
- JAPANESE SOCIETY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE
- 雑誌
- Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.79, no.3, pp.524-533, 2017 (Released:2017-03-18)
- 参考文献数
- 31
- 被引用文献数
- 6 8
Hand-reared elephant calves that are nursed with milk substitutes sometimes suffer bone fractures, probably due to problems associated with nutrition, exercise, sunshine levels and/or genetic factors. As we were expecting the birth of an Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), we analyzed elephant’s breast milk to improve the milk substitutes for elephant calves. Although there were few nutritional differences between conventional substitutes and elephant’s breast milk, we found a large unknown peak in the breast milk during high-performance liquid chromatography-based amino acid analysis and determined that it was glucosamine (GlcN) using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. We detected the following GlcN concentrations [mean ± SD] (mg/100 g) in milk hydrolysates produced by treating samples with 6M HCl for 24 hr at 110°C: four elephant’s breast milk samples: 516 ± 42, three cow’s milk mixtures: 4.0 ± 2.2, three mare’s milk samples: 12 ± 1.2 and two human milk samples: 38. The GlcN content of the elephant’s milk was 128, 43 and 14 times greater than those of the cow’s, mare’s and human milk, respectively. Then, we examined the degradation of GlcN during 0–24 hr hydrolyzation with HCl. We estimated that elephant’s milk contains >880 mg/100 g GlcN, which is similar to the levels of major amino acids in elephant’s milk. We concluded that a novel GlcN-containing milk substitute should be developed for elephant calves. The efficacy of GlcN supplements is disputed, and free GlcN is rare in bodily fluids; thus, the optimal molecular form of GlcN requires a further study.
- 著者
- Akio Yamada Kohei Makita Hazumu Kadowaki Naoto Ito Makoto Sugiyama Nigel C.L. Kwan Katsuaki Sugiura
- 出版者
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases Editorial Committee
- 雑誌
- Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases (ISSN:13446304)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- pp.JJID.2018.431, (Released:2018-12-25)
- 参考文献数
- 58
- 被引用文献数
- 10
Although rabies still kills many people, global eradication of human rabies is considered to be feasible. Because the progress toward eradication may be different among regions with different socio-economic status, states that successfully eradicate this disease must be vigilant for re-emergence of rabies. In this article, we describe arguments over current rabies prevention measures and risk assessment results for rabies introduction and spread in rabies-free Japan. We also summarize the measures taken by representative countries and regions free from rabies. Our risk assessment results revealed that the risk of rabies reintroduction under current circumstances is very low, and that subsequent spread of the disease would be minimal because of quite low value of basic reproduction number. Similar assessments conducted in other rabies-free areas also showed quite limited risks of introduction. The majority of rabies-free countries maintain their rabies-free status through strict import quarantine of carnivorous animals, efficient surveillance of animal rabies including wildlife, quick emergency responses, and raising public awareness of the disease. To keep current rabies-free status in Japan, it is strongly recommended to maintain current quarantine system as well as to reinforce compliance of stakeholders involved in international dog movement. Sustainable surveillance system targeting wildlife is also indispensable.
- 著者
- Zenta TAKATSU Muneya TSUDA Akio YAMADA Hiroshi MATSUMOTO Akira TAKAI Yasuhiro TAKEDA Mitsunori TAKASE
- 出版者
- 公益社団法人 日本獣医学会
- 雑誌
- Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- pp.16-0450, (Released:2016-12-31)
- 被引用文献数
- 8
Hand-reared elephant calves that are nursed with milk substitutes sometimes suffer bone fractures, probably due to problems associated with nutrition, exercise, sunshine levels and/or genetic factors. As we were expecting the birth of an Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), we analyzed elephant’s breast milk to improve the milk substitutes for elephant calves. Although there were few nutritional differences between conventional substitutes and elephant’s breast milk, we found a large unknown peak in the breast milk during high-performance liquid chromatography-based amino acid analysis and determined that it was glucosamine (GlcN) using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. We detected the following GlcN concentrations [mean ± SD] (mg/100 g) in milk hydrolysates produced by treating samples with 6M HCl for 24 hr at 110˚C: four elephant’s breast milk samples: 516 ± 42, three cow’s milk mixtures: 4.0 ± 2.2, three mare’s milk samples: 12 ± 1.2 and two human milk samples: 38. The GlcN content of the elephant’s milk was 128, 43 and 14 times greater than those of the cow’s, mare’s and human milk, respectively. Then, we examined the degradation of GlcN during 0–24 hr hydrolyzation with HCl. We estimated that elephant’s milk contains >880 mg/100 g GlcN, which is similar to the levels of major amino acids in elephant’s milk. We concluded that a novel GlcN-containing milk substitute should be developed for elephant calves. The efficacy of GlcN supplements is disputed, and free GlcN is rare in bodily fluids; thus, the optimal molecular form of GlcN requires a further study.