著者

水野 基樹 川田 裕次郎 飯田 玲依 山本 真己 東 慎治 上野 朋子 山田 泰行 杉浦 幸 田中 純夫 Motoki Mizuno Yujiro Kawata Rei Iida masaki Yamamoto Shinji Higashi Tomoko Ueno Yasuyuki Yamada Miyuki Sgiura Sumio Tanaka 千葉経済大学短期大学部非常勤講師 CHIBA KEIZAI COLLEGE Part-time Lecturer

出版者

千葉経済大学短期大学部

雑誌

千葉経済大学短期大学部研究紀要 = Bulletin of Chiba Keizai College (ISSN:13498312)

巻号頁・発行日

no.4, pp.51-61,

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The psychology of motivation is a broad and loosely defined field. Furthermore, motivation is a basic psychological process. Few would deny that it is the most important focus of the micro organizational behavior. Traditionally, psychologists have not totally agreed on how to classify the various human motives, but they acknowledge that some motives are unlearned physiologically based. For that reason, it is difficult to comprehend a framework of motive concepts which can predict human behavior. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to review the motive concept suggested by McClelland(1987), who is most closely associated with the study of achievement motive. Specifically, first we summarized up the measurement and concepts of motive, such as "measures of human motive dispositions", "achievement motive", "power needs", "affiliative motive" and "avoidance motive". In addition, we critically reviewed and discussed them in terms of the definitions of concepts. In conclusion, although we could grasp the implications of each motive concept, there were some ambiguities regarding McClelland's motive concepts. Thus, more elaborate conceptual regulation and detailed explanation of the connections to the concepts seem necessary in order to clarify the notion of motive concepts, because there are a number of motives which lie in a gray area from the viewpoint of human motivation described by McClelland.

著者

Tomoko Ueno Tadakatsu Ohnaka

出版者

日本生理人類学会

雑誌

Journal of PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY (ISSN:18806791)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.6, pp.357-362, 2006 (Released:2007-01-07)

参考文献数

30

被引用文献数

2

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In the present study, the influence of the long-term use of air-conditioning in summer on the cortisol rhythm was examined by measuring the rhythm in subjects who had been exposed to air-conditioning for a short [S] or long [L] time. Investigations were conducted twice in July and September. Atmospheric temperature and relative humidity near the subjects were measured for three days in each season. Saliva samples for cortisol analysis were collected every 2 hours during the daytime beginning at 8:00 h with subsequent sampling times at 10:00, 12:00, 14:00, 16:00, 18:00, 20:00 and 22:00 h. A questionnaire on sleep and duration of air-conditioning use was also undertaken. Ambient mean temperature was higher in the S group (mean±SD; 30.8±1.2°C in July, 28.0±0.8°C in September) than in the L group (28.0±1.2°C in July, 27.3±1.0°C in September) (p<0.01), while mean relative humidity did not differ. There were no differences in bedtime, waking time and sleeping hours either between groups or months. Diurnal patterns of salivary cortisol rhythm in July and September were similar in the S group, but the L group had a delayed rise of morning cortisol secretion in September compared with July. These results suggest that long-term exposure to an air-conditioned environment might adversely affect the human cortisol rhythm.