著者

尹 秀美 南 相瓔

出版者

金沢大学外国語教育研究センター = Foreign Language Institute Kanazawa University

雑誌

言語文化論叢 = Studies of Language and Culture (ISSN:13427172)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, pp.115-140, 2016-03-30

著者

小林 恵美子 福島 深雪

出版者

金沢大学外国語教育研究センター = Foreign Language Institute Kanazawa University

雑誌

言語文化論叢 (ISSN:13427172)

巻号頁・発行日

no.14, pp.165-188, 2010-03

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General strain theory, in its most genetic form, argues that three sources of strain, including failure to achieve positively valued goals, removal of positively valued stimuli, and confrontation with negative stimuli, lead to crime and other forms of deviance. Failure to achieve positively valued goals, which has been addressed in part in traditional strain theory, consists of three subtypes that describe various ways in which goal blockage might become manifest. The first type is a disjuncture between aspirations and expectations, which results when individuals hold aspirations for a positively valued goal but do not expect to achieve it. The second type is a disjuncture between expectations and outcomes, which results when individuals expect to achieve a certain goal but do not actually achieve it. Lastly, the third type is a disjuncture between perceived just or fair outcomes and actual outcomes, which results when what actually occurs is perceived by the individual as an unfair utcome. The other two major sources of strain, which include removal of positively valued stimuli and confrontation with negative stimuli, result when individuals experience stressful life events, especially during adolescence. All three sources of strain predispose individuals to engage in crime and other forms of deviance. In the research reported here, measures of strain that closely correspond to the theoretical definitions are developed, while taking into account two recent refinements (a distinction between global and goal-specific strain and an assessment of subjective responses to stressful life events). The effects of these strains on academiccheating are then examined in a sample of Japanese college students. Results offer partial support for general strain theory. While both removal of positively valued stimuli and confrontation with negative stimuli increase the inclination to cheat, failure to achieve positively valued goals does not seem to affect the inclination to cheat among the sample of Japanese young adults.

著者

小林 恵美子

出版者

金沢大学外国語教育研究センター = Foreign Language Institute Kanazawa University

雑誌

言語文化論叢 (ISSN:13427172)

巻号頁・発行日

no.15, pp.159-181[含 英語文要旨], 2011-03

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Social control theory, which was first presented by Travis Hirschi in 1969 inCauses of Delinquency and is one of the most widely cited theories in criminology, argues that humans by nature are hedonistic and, thus, inclined to engage in any acts, including crime and other forms of deviance,in pursuit of their self-interest. The present study proposes that the fourgeneral elements identified in the theory comprise a social bond that, whenpresent, serves as a constraint against academic cheating: attachment,commitment, involvement, and belief. First,attachment refers to anemotional bond to conventional others. Students who are so attached areless inclined to commit academic cheating for fear of hurting those to whomthey are attached and/or jeopardizing their relationships with them. Forstudents, relevant attachments are those to parents, peers, and school.Attachment to, or caring about the feelings of parents has also threesubcomponents: identification with and affection toward parents, intimatecommunication, and parental supervision. Second, commitment refers tothe stakes in conformity the student has developed, such as investments ineducation and preparation for labor force participation. Students whohave made such investments, the present study argues, are inclined to avoid violation of school rules because they have more to lose by taking therisk of getting into trouble. Third, involvement is a student's investment oftime in conventional activities, time that makes the student unavailable foracademic cheating or exposure to opportunities for such misconduct. Thetheory assumes a finite amount of time available to an individual, so timespent in conventional activities reduces time available for academiccheating. Finally, belief refers to belief in the moral legitimacy of the law –the view that the law is binding on one's own behavior and has legitimacy inprohibiting one's pursuit of one's self-interest through acts of force and fraud.Students who acquire such a belief while growing up are more bonded toconventional society and, thus, less free to engage in academic cheating. Inthe research reported here, measures of social bond variables that resemble,and in many cases are identical to measures used by Hirschi, are developed.The effects of these four elements on people's experience to commitacademic cheating are then examined in a sample of Japanese collegestudents. The analysis provides rather limited support for the theory.Parental supervision and belief function as constraints that preventstudents, more or less, from engaging in acts of fraud (i.e., academiccheating) in pursuit of their self-interest, but the findings for the otherelements of social bond appear less compatible with the theory.

著者

大藪 加奈 塚原 久美 大藪 千穂

出版者

金沢大学外国語教育研究センター = Foreign Language Institute Kanazawa University

雑誌

言語文化論叢 (ISSN:13427172)

巻号頁・発行日

no.15, pp.127-138, 2011-03

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本論は現代アーミッシュ児童文学を扱う。産業化する以前の伝統的ライフスタイルを保っているアーミッシュの人々は、自分たちの理念と照らし合わせて必要だとみなされるものや考え方、情報のみアーミッシュ社会に取り入れるしくみを持っている。子ども向け読み物に関しては、ほとんどの家庭で月刊誌Family Life の子ども用ページと学校の教科書が主な情報となっている。本論では、2003 年から2008 年の5 年間に発行されたFamily Life の子ども用ページ掲載の物語310 篇について、登場人物の年齢、描写されている行為、教訓を特定し、頻繁に現れる主題がどのようなものか調べた。その結果、登場人物の年齢は10 歳以下が半数で、5 歳以下の登場人物の物語では、同年齢の読者が英語を習っていない現状を反映して読み聞かせ用物語となっていた。また、13 歳で独自の学校教育を終えるアーミッシュの子どもたちを反映して10 歳以上の登場人物の話は、ほぼ(97%)13 歳以下となっていた。描写される行為は、社会的活動と労働(地域での仕事・家事・農作業など)が遊びや学校での活動にくらべて高く、子ども時代から社会にかかわり労働しているアーミッシュ児童の現実を反映していると同時に、そのような存在としての子ども観を読み物が肯定・促進しているといえる。明示的・暗示的に教訓が示されるこれらの読み物では、人間的な弱さや不注意から失敗を犯す主人公が、後悔・反省を経て神への感謝や赦しの大切さなどのアーミッシュ的価値観へと目覚めて行く、いわゆるキリスト教的「放蕩息子(Prodigal Son)」の主題が顕著である。その他特徴的な主題としては、読み物でありながら本や読書を問題視する(健全な労働や生活から子どもを惑わす存在とみる)傾向があり、またモスレム児童文学に比べると宗教的行為・言説の多用という類似点と、宗教から逸脱する主人公の存在という相違点が認められた。

著者

根本 浩行

出版者

金沢大学外国語教育研究センター = Foreign Language Institute Kanazawa University

雑誌

言語文化論叢 (ISSN:13427172)

巻号頁・発行日

no.19, pp.1-17,19, 2015-03

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As is the case with face-to-face communication in L2 learning, computer-mediatedcommunication (CMC) has been increasingly investigated from the socioculturalperspectives of second language acquisition (SLA), which enable us to attend torather than remove the broader social and discursive contexts from research data (cf.Warschauer, 2005). This approach has led CMC researchers to reconsidere-learning not only as a means of assisting individual language learning but as asource of providing language learners with authentic sociocultural activities and hasalso made such researchers more aware of intricate relationships between CMC andits sociocultural factors, including cultures, contexts, communities where learnersparticipate, their social positionings in the communities, power relations with others,L2 identities and L2 learning motivations.This paper reviews various previousCMC studies and then argues the applicability of several sociocultural andpedagogical concepts to CMC research, including the Vygotskian notion ofscaffolding, task-based language teaching, intercultural interactions, and languagesocialization. The sociocultural analyses of CMC in this paper suggest that CMCenhances students' goal-driven social actions to promote grammatical,sociolinguistic and sociocultural competence in L2 and provides affordances thathelp students to apply an analytical lens on their own L2 production.

著者

橋本 弘樹

出版者

金沢大学外国語教育研究センター

雑誌

言語文化論叢 (ISSN:13427172)

巻号頁・発行日

no.6, pp.95-101, 2002-03

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金沢大学外国語教育研究センター

著者

杉村 安幾子

出版者

金沢大学

雑誌

言語文化論叢 (ISSN:13427172)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, pp.37-58, 2006-03-31

著者

三上 純子

出版者

金沢大学

雑誌

言語文化論叢 (ISSN:13427172)

巻号頁・発行日

no.9, pp.1-16, 2005-03

著者

岩津 航

出版者

金沢大学外国語教育研究センター = Foreign Language Institute Kanazawa University

雑誌

言語文化論叢 (ISSN:13427172)

巻号頁・発行日

no.15, pp.93-110, 2011-03

著者

大藪 加奈

出版者

金沢大学

雑誌

言語文化論叢 (ISSN:13427172)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, pp.131-158, 1998-03

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昨年に引き続き,自分のことを語ったり,書いたりしそうにない主人公を扱った作品で,語りがどのように可能になっているかという事を,テイモシー・モーのThe Redundancy of Courage(1991)をテキストとして見てゆく。舞台となっている東ティモアは,1996年のノーベル平和賞で有名になったが,ここでは内戦やゲリラ戦下のマイノリティという,不安定で危険な状況の中,どの陣営にとっても「便利屋」である事で生き長らえようとする中国人主人公の姿と,彼のアイデンティティーの問題を考察し,同じように危険な状況に巻き込まれてゆく小数民族の主人公を描いた,ブッチ・エメチタのDestination BiafraやV.S.ナイポールのThe Mimic Menなどと比べ,書きことばによって形成されるアイデンティティーのあり方について考える。