著者

横山 知幸

出版者

広島市立大学国際学部

雑誌

広島国際研究 (ISSN:13413546)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, pp.141-157, 2015

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This article investigates word order differences in English-Japanese translation. The first half of this article focuses first on the word order differences between English and Japanese from the viewpoint of linguistic typology, and second on historical developments of interlinear word-for-word translation in Japan. The latter half of this article analyzes a nineteenth-century English self-study book, which has interlinear word-for-word Japanese translation with numbers indicating the order for translating English words into Japanese words. This type of self-study book is the prototype for the basic translation method in Japan. A simple computer program for the data analysis software called "R" was written to analyze the order for translating English words into Japanese words. The results explain some important aspects of how and why a few word order differences between English and Japanese develop into complicated zigzag patterns in the basic translation method in Japan.

著者

中島 正博

出版者

広島市立大学国際学部

雑誌

広島国際研究 (ISSN:13413546)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, pp.177-192, 2003

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This paper considers a man-and-nature relation through a hunter-gatherers lifestyle in the Japanese prehistoric Jomon period. The Jomon people developed their lifestyle by hunting and gathering natural resources in the forests, rivers and seas in the Neolithic Age, when the forest widely regenerated after the glacial period. They utilized natural resources not only by collecting resources but also growing and processing them. Because of these active operations upon the nature, there was strain between man and the nature due to overuses and among peoples for the access to the resources. The Jomon people developed communities where a social order was imbedded to sustain the nature and people's life, i. e. , coexistence of the nature and man. By considering hunter-gatherers lifestyles in the past and present, it is thought that the Jomon people looked upon the nature as cyclic lives repeating life and death and as well as partners whom they had to associate or even negotiate with. Since nature's prosperity was vital for the people's life, they associated with the nature to enhance her prosperity by spiritual attitude of thank, awe and respect with such an expression as offerings. These are Jomon people's views on the nature and life and on their man-and-nature relation.

著者

相田 美穂

出版者

広島市立大学国際学部

雑誌

広島国際研究 (ISSN:13413546)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, pp.105-118, 2014

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Fujoshi are women with enthusiastic interest in genres of fiction known as yaoi and BL ("boys love"), which express male-male romantic and sexual relationships. Fujoshi are thus a kind of devoted fan, or "otaku." This paper examines, through the perspective of gender, how representations of fujoshi have changed over the past few years, incorporating perspectives from the work of the Japanese academic and social critic Azuma Hiroki, in particular his concept of "moe" character-based consumption. Azuma makes a distinction between sexual desire situated in the genitals and "sexuality" as subjectivity. Male otaku respond to moe characters, or images in manga, animation, and in the mode of Azuma's sexual desire, while their consumption practice is what Azuma calls "database consumption," typified by "moe" characters, images with features that elicit a "moe" response of desire. Representations of fujoshi have been among consumer products constructed for male otaku.13;I aim to demonstrate that fujoshi, who are both readers and writers of fujoshi manga, work to undermine, through the fujoshi image, the gender relations in which they themselves are involved. In other words, through the fictions that they create, fujoshi protest male-oriented fictions. Through this, they also resist male otaku desires that would keep them confined within two-dimensional fantasy worlds.

著者

永井 義人

出版者

広島市立大学国際学部

雑誌

広島国際研究 (ISSN:13413546)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, pp.1-11, 2015

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Yasugi City, Shimane Prefecture, and Miryang City, South Gyeongsang Province (South Korea), formed sister government ties in October, 1990, and made extensive efforts on developing friendly relations with each other. However, the interexchange was interrupted, because the Japan-South Korea relation had deteriorated after the establishment of the "Takeshima Day" Ordinance by Shimane Prefectural Assembly in 2005. After the interruption, the mayor of Yasugi visited South Korea in a personal capacity, and showed his desire to resume the interexchange to the mayor of Miryang in May, 2006. As a result, the interexchange resumed.13;The subject of this research is to clarify the process of resuming the interexchange between Yasugi City and Miryang City, and also to describe the situation after the program resumed during confrontations between Japan and South Korea. Although continuing the interexchange became difficult again in 2008, because of Japanese and South Korean provocations regarding Takeshima, an unstable interexchange has continued until now (2015). The interexchange was continued thanks to positive efforts of the mayors. However, when the mayors changed, continuation of the interexchange was threatened. The conclusion of this case study is that it is not easy to build a foundation for interexchange programs during confrontation between nations.

著者

池田 慎太郎

出版者

広島市立大学国際学部 (Hiroshima City University, Faculty of International Studies)

雑誌

広島国際研究 (ISSN:13413546)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, pp.13-23, 2007

著者

佐藤 深雪

出版者

広島市立大学国際学部

雑誌

広島国際研究 (ISSN:13413546)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, pp.45-58, 2014

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It is an accepted notion that NATSUME Sōseki was influenced by the new psychology that was introduced by William James. In this paper, I argue that Sōseki was also influenced by the new American sociology, that is, the pragmatic social theory introduced by Charles Sanders Peirce, which emerged at the same time as the new psychology.13;To support this hypothesis, I focus on Sōseki's notion of the Group F in his Bungakuron (Theory of Literature), published in 1907, arguing that Group F comes from Peirce's philosophy.13;In Section Ⅱ, I investigate the contemporary discourse in Tetsugaku Zasshi (Journal of Philosophy), a magazine that was first published in 1887, in order to know the context of Bungakuron. In Section Ⅲ, I define the meaning of Group F by considering the previous research. In Sections Ⅳ and Ⅴ, I discuss the sociological aspects of Bungakuron concerning their relationship with Peirce's.13;I conclude that Bungakuron is based on classical American pragmatism which includes the contexts of both psychology and sociology. There is no such hypothesis in the research history of Bungakuron. This paper is significant as it provides a new hypothesis to be examined and reveals NATSUME Sōseki among the most radical avant-garde writers in twentieth century world literature.

著者

黒田 裕子 佐藤 深雪

出版者

広島市立大学国際学部 (Hiroshima City University, Faculty of International Studies)

雑誌

広島国際研究 (ISSN:13413546)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, pp.59-74, 2008

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This manuscript analyzes Kyoka Izumi's Furyusen and Kazushige Abe's Sin-semilla in order to explore how the "reality" of Japanese local cities is created. The authors argue that "reality" is created by the process of generating a story which is peculiar to a locality and by sharing that story among the people in the city; the story creates and, at the same time, decides "reality". In addition, each of the stories in the novels --which the authors define as "the database story"--is derived from unique databases. The focus of this manuscript is to explain the creation process of "reality" in these database stories. 13;Set in Kanazawa-city in Ishikawa prefecture during the early 20th century, Furuysen depicts two unique sets of database that are struggling to gain the initiative of the city; the one is a net of national railways and the other is a copy of local family registries. The former is the database that invokes a story of Japan as a modem, collective nation. The latter -which is secretly written by a local philanthropist -is the database that attempts to recreate the "reality" of the traditional city where the local conservatives are desperate to sustain its past glory. 13;On the other hand, in Sin-semilla, which is based on a present-day, small town called Jim-n1achi in Yan1agata prefecture, the young generation in the town is bored with "reality", because it is created by their parents with the cooperation of the American Occupation Forces during the time right after World War ll. In order to find a way out from the boredom and pressure to inherit the "reality-", they attempt to disclose the truth of the town by-processing dataacquired from secret photography. At first, they thought the act of taking secret pictures would be exiting, but they begin to be possessed by a narcotic-like, dazzling effect of the images. However, they find out that the "reality" yielded from the database is quite mediocre; nobody cannot spend their life in this ordinary "reality" as an inherent subject.

著者

相田 美穂

出版者

広島市立大学国際学部

雑誌

広島国際研究 (ISSN:13413546)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, pp.105-118, 2014

---

Fujoshi are women with enthusiastic interest in genres of fiction known as yaoi and BL ("boys love"), which express male-male romantic and sexual relationships. Fujoshi are thus a kind of devoted fan, or "otaku." This paper examines, through the perspective of gender, how representations of fujoshi have changed over the past few years, incorporating perspectives from the work of the Japanese academic and social critic Azuma Hiroki, in particular his concept of "moe" character-based consumption. Azuma makes a distinction between sexual desire situated in the genitals and "sexuality" as subjectivity. Male otaku respond to moe characters, or images in manga, animation, and in the mode of Azuma's sexual desire, while their consumption practice is what Azuma calls "database consumption," typified by "moe" characters, images with features that elicit a "moe" response of desire. Representations of fujoshi have been among consumer products constructed for male otaku.13;I aim to demonstrate that fujoshi, who are both readers and writers of fujoshi manga, work to undermine, through the fujoshi image, the gender relations in which they themselves are involved. In other words, through the fictions that they create, fujoshi protest male-oriented fictions. Through this, they also resist male otaku desires that would keep them confined within two-dimensional fantasy worlds.

著者

永井 義人

出版者

広島市立大学国際学部 (Hiroshima City University, Faculty of International Studies)

雑誌

広島国際研究 (ISSN:13413546)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, pp.1-18, 2012

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The purpose of this study is to clarify how Shimane Prefecture gained approval to pass the "Takeshima Day"ordinance after having formed sister government ties and making an extensive effort to develop friendly relations with North Gyeongsang Province. Shimane Prefecture had a sense of crisis when the South Korean Government claimed effective control of Takeshima Island, and demanded that the Japanese Government would tackle the Takeshima issue as a national movement. Shimane Prefecture urged the Japanese Government to establish "Takeshima Day" as well as "Northern Territories Day," and did not have an intention to do so, initially. As a result, Shimane Prefecture enacted the ordinance in 2005. However, it was not endorsed by the Japanese Government. Then Japan- South Korea relations deteriorated, and eventually local interaction with North Gyeongsang Province was suspended due to the establishment of the ordinance.Shimane Prefecture and North Gyeongsang Province shared a recognition that the territorial dispute shouldbe solved diplomatically by the two nations. Therefore, Shimane Prefecture thought the territorial dispute and local interaction were different matters. However, North Gyeongsang Province considered that Shimane Prefecture had become involved in the territorial dispute.

著者

中島 正博

出版者

広島市立大学国際学部

雑誌

広島国際研究 (ISSN:13413546)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, pp.93-104, 2014

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Remote islands in Japan have been suffering from aging society and depopulation. The aim of this paper is todescribe the efforts for community regeneration of Ogi Island in the Seto Inland Sea and to find unique characteristics of the islanders as a whole. The Setouchi International Art Festival was conducted in 2010 and 2013 in seven remote islands in the Sea. The Ogi Island residents evaluated the Art Festival higher than people from other remote islands, as Ogi people themselves enjoyed hosting so many tourists from all over Japan. In the second Art Festival three young families decided to move to Ogi Island. Young people's immigration has been the first step for the Ogi residents to stop or reduce depopulation. The immigration of the families led to reopening the Ogi primary and secondary schools, closed a few years ago due to lack of students. The second aim of this paper is to find why the Ogi island people succeeded in the first step of community regeneration. Through four years of observation and association with Ogi island people, I found that cultural openness is one key to community regeneration, although it is still in an early stage. The cultural openness was shown by the island's people and their activities before, during, and after the Art Festival.

著者

中島 正博

出版者

広島市立大学国際学部 (Hiroshima City University, Faculty of International Studies)

雑誌

広島国際研究 (ISSN:13413546)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, pp.89-101, 2009

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Present society is characterized by weak human relationships,which result in various problems in local communities due to lack of collaborative work among residents. The causes for the phenomena can be attributed to such historical trends as social modernization,urbanization,market economy,and individualism. Social capital is an outcome of social relationships and is a useful concept to understand communities. Putnam (2000: 19) defines social13;capital as the "connections among individuals --social networks and the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness that arise from them." The Cabinet Office of the Japanese Government conducted two nationwide studies of social capital in 2002 and 2005. The results indicated a likelihood of declining social capital in Japan and pointed out the possibility of uplifting it by al local civil activity. However,re viewing the studies revealed the following. Civil activities to solve local problems would not be sufficient to lift social capital since its improvement will remain only a part of the community and they can not overcome the fundamental causes of the historical social trend. Recovering capabilities to solve local problems is necessary but not sufficient for community revival. To revive a community,it is necessary for people to pay regard to social ties. This requires a change in the way of people's life,whereas the prevailing social climate is to avoid personal association. The change is essential for quality of life. Civil activities to enhance quality of life are necessary. Then social capital of a community will be lifted widely and deeply enough for its revival.

著者

池田 慎太郎

出版者

広島市立大学国際学部 (Hiroshima City University, Faculty of International Studies)

雑誌

広島国際研究 (ISSN:13413546)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, pp.1-17, 2008

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The purpose of this essay is to examine the relationship between the U.S.-Japan alliance and local politics focusing on the Iwakuni Base problem. The Iwakuni Base was originally established by the Imperial Japanese Navy in 1938, but the U.S. and the British Commonwealth countries seized it in 1945. Then U.S. Marine took initiative and the base became Marine Corps Air Station in 1962. After the incident that U.S. fighter crashed into the Kyushu University in 1968, the city and people of Iwakuni petitioned the Japanese Government for moving the base off the coast and the huge project began in 1997. 13;On the other hand, Okinawa's anger reached to the peak after the rape incident of an Okinawan girl by three U.S. soldiers in 1995. And the people surrounding the Atsugi Base complained about Night Landing Practice by carrier-based aircrafts. Thus Iwakuni was considered the best place to transfer aircrafts in Okinawa and Atsugi. 13;By a local referendum held in 2006, an overwhelming majority of Iwakuni said "NO" to accept the transfer of carrier-based aircrafts. However, the Japanese Government stopped granting a subsidy of 35 billion yen to construct a new Iwakuni city hall. Mayer Ihara resigned and ran for a mayoral election. Ihara criticized cruel treatment by the government and insisted to support local autonomy and democracy. However, Ihara was defeated by a former member of the House of Representatives who approved accepting carrier-based aircrafts in exchange for a subsidy. Thus it was decided that Iwakuni would be the largest air base in the Far East after the accomplishment of U.S. military transformation scheduled in 2014.

著者

井上 泰浩 INOUE Yasuhiro イノウエ ヤスヒロ

出版者

広島市立大学国際学部

雑誌

広島国際研究 (ISSN:13413546)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, pp.103-127, 2006

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This study examines how major newspapers in the world covered the 60th anniversary of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima by referring to the hegemony theory. This theory suggests that media content, especially international coverage, is influenced by historical views, the dominant public opinions, and the ideology of those in power in society. Qualitative content analysis is mainly used for this study. Data for this study consist of articles published between August 5 and 8, 2005, in newspapers in eight countries / region (China, France, Germany, Russia, South Korea, the U.K., the U.S., and the Arabic region). The findings generally confirm the existence of bias and differences in Hiroshima coverage across countries / region. Western European (France, Germany, and the U.K) newspapers criticized the bombing for aiming at civilians and presented it as an important moral lesson. American newspapers, on the other hand, generally depicted the bombing as a justifiable past event which has little significance in the present day. Chinese and South Korean newspapers focused mainly on the responsibility of the Japanese for having starting the war that ended up with the bombing. Different coverage on Hiroshima could be attributed to the difference in historical relations to and public sentiment on Japan, and other ideological factors.

著者

中島 正博 NAKASHIMA Masahiro ナカシマ マサヒロ

出版者

広島市立大学国際学部

雑誌

広島国際研究 (ISSN:13413546)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, pp.177-192, 2003

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This paper considers a man-and-nature relation through a hunter-gatherers lifestyle in the Japanese prehistoric Jomon period. The Jomon people developed their lifestyle by hunting and gathering natural resources in the forests, rivers and seas in the Neolithic Age, when the forest widely regenerated after the glacial period. They utilized natural resources not only by collecting resources but also growing and processing them. Because of these active operations upon the nature, there was strain between man and the nature due to overuses and among peoples for the access to the resources. The Jomon people developed communities where a social order was imbedded to sustain the nature and people's life, i. e. , coexistence of the nature and man. By considering hunter-gatherers lifestyles in the past and present, it is thought that the Jomon people looked upon the nature as cyclic lives repeating life and death and as well as partners whom they had to associate or even negotiate with. Since nature's prosperity was vital for the people's life, they associated with the nature to enhance her prosperity by spiritual attitude of thank, awe and respect with such an expression as offerings. These are Jomon people's views on the nature and life and on their man-and-nature relation.

著者

井上 泰浩 Brislin Tom INOUE Yasuhiro BRISLIN Tom イノウエ ヤスヒロ ブリスリン トム

出版者

広島市立大学国際学部

雑誌

広島国際研究 (ISSN:13413546)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, pp.179-194, 2005

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This study examines the underlying values and practices in journalistic policies and decision-making between Japan and the United States on whether to identify youth offenders in serious, capital crimes. Benchmarks in youth crime coverage, particularly in Japan, are examined. Comparative data is presented from a survey of U. S. and Japanese journalists on factors that might influence naming of youth offenders, and on opinions regarding the handling of specific youth crime cases. The findings confirm the conventional wisdom that Japanese journalism remains consistent in its collective policy to not name juveniles under the age of 20 in any crime story, regardless of the severity of the crime. U. S. journalists, on the other hand, are constant in their inconsistency in terms of a policy on naming juveniles and seem to have adopted no policy, or no minimum age, as their policy. The distinction could be attributed to the difference in legal systems, journalistic values, and realities of juvenile crime between Japan and the U.S.