著者

太郎丸 博

出版者

京都大学大学院文学研究科社会学研究室

雑誌

京都社会学年報 = Kyoto journal of sociology

巻号頁・発行日

no.28, pp.15-27, 2020-12

著者

敷田 八千代

出版者

京都大学大学院文学研究科社会学研究室

雑誌

京都社会学年報 : KJS = Kyoto journal of sociology

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, pp.175-183, 2009-12-25

著者

山本 耕平 安井 大輔 織田 暁子

出版者

京都大学大学院文学研究科社会学研究室

雑誌

京都社会学年報 : KJS = Kyoto journal of sociology

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, pp.35-53, 2015-12-25

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This paper aims to compare the average incomes of three groups of Japanese university graduates: medical, STEM (science, technology, engineering, mathematics), and non-STEM/M graduates. Previous studies have shown that graduates of STEM/M (STEM and medicine) earn more than non-STEM/M graduates, and have argued that this difference is because STEM graduates create higher additional value than non-STEM/M graduates. However, those studies did not consider variables that should be important determinants of income in the Japanese labor market. Moreover, there are strong doubts about the interpretation that the higher incomes of STEM/M graduates result from the higher additional value STEM graduates create. Drawing on the 2005 Social Stratification and Social Mobility national survey data, this paper examines whether STEM/M graduates earn more than non-STEM/M graduates, after controlling for other important determinants of income. The results from a multiple regression analysis estimating the effect of STEM/M on income shows that STEM/M graduates earn more than non-STEM/M graduates. When separating medical and STEM graduates, however, the estimated effect of a STEM major is not statistically significant and its value is low (1% higher than non-STEM/M). Moreover, when the sample is divided into men and women, there is a significant gender discrepancy in the effect of a STEM major: male STEM graduates earn more than male non-STEM/M graduates while female STEM graduates earn much less than female non-STEM/M graduates.

著者

山本 耕平

出版者

京都大学大学院文学研究科社会学研究室

雑誌

京都社会学年報

巻号頁・発行日

no.17, pp.139-153, 2009-12

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The aim of this paper is to reexamine what kind of insight the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge (SSK) provides us concerning our understanding of science. SSK has definitely described some crucial dimensions of science which traditional sociology and philosophy of science had not taken notice of. However, it seems that SSK doesn't offer any clear implication for our understanding of scientific rationality. I consider this equivocalness a significant problem to be solved, since some claims raised by SSK provide the background assumptions for much of recent research in Science Studies, like the Science, Technology and Society (STS). To make clear what implications are to be brought out from the claims of SSK about the social dimensions of science, I incorporate some recent arguments of Social Epistemology. Recent studies in Social Epistemology show interesting facts concerning the relationship between the social dimensions of science and scientific rationality. Focusing on Philip Kitcher's discussion about the division of cognitive labor and Miriam Solomon's "Social Empiricism, " I argue that the social dimensions of science sometimes make scientific decision-making rational, and sometimes they do not: it is entirely contingent how the social dimensions of science affect the results of scientific activities. In conclusion, I argue that we should not use the claims of SSK about the social dimensions of science as theoretical bases for our evaluation of science, but just as a tool for identifying various factors underlying decision-making processes. I suggest that this interpretation of the claims of SSK offers a better way to utilize our knowledge of social dimensions of science in Science Studies.

著者

池田 裕

出版者

京都大学大学院文学研究科社会学研究室

雑誌

京都社会学年報 : KJS = Kyoto journal of sociology

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, pp.117-124, 2014-12-25

著者

山本 耕平

出版者

京都大学大学院文学研究科社会学研究室

雑誌

京都社会学年報 : KJS = Kyoto journal of sociology

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, pp.139-153, 2009-12-25

---

The aim of this paper is to reexamine what kind of insight the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge (SSK) provides us concerning our understanding of science. SSK has definitely described some crucial dimensions of science which traditional sociology and philosophy of science had not taken notice of. However, it seems that SSK doesn't offer any clear implication for our understanding of scientific rationality. I consider this equivocalness a significant problem to be solved, since some claims raised by SSK provide the background assumptions for much of recent research in Science Studies, like the Science, Technology and Society (STS). To make clear what implications are to be brought out from the claims of SSK about the social dimensions of science, I incorporate some recent arguments of Social Epistemology. Recent studies in Social Epistemology show interesting facts concerning the relationship between the social dimensions of science and scientific rationality. Focusing on Philip Kitcher's discussion about the division of cognitive labor and Miriam Solomon's "Social Empiricism, " I argue that the social dimensions of science sometimes make scientific decision-making rational, and sometimes they do not: it is entirely contingent how the social dimensions of science affect the results of scientific activities. In conclusion, I argue that we should not use the claims of SSK about the social dimensions of science as theoretical bases for our evaluation of science, but just as a tool for identifying various factors underlying decision-making processes. I suggest that this interpretation of the claims of SSK offers a better way to utilize our knowledge of social dimensions of science in Science Studies.

著者

井口 暁

出版者

京都大学大学院文学研究科社会学研究室

雑誌

京都社会学年報 : KJS = Kyoto journal of sociology

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, pp.55-74, 2015-12-25

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A purpose of this article is to articulate what Niklas Luhmann's political theory attempted by critically reviewing Stefan Lange's Niklas Luhmanns Theorie der Politik: Eine Abklärung der Staatsgesellschaft, 2003. In part 2 of this article, the author examines Lange's evaluation that Luhmann's argument contains normative biases, especially a preference for functional differentiation behind his valuational diagnoses and advice to concrete political practices, and therefore fails his coherent systems theory and "scientific" discussion. The author conversely argues that Luhmann's argument does not deviate from his framework and scientific discussion for the following reasons. First, Luhmann not only evaluates functional differentiation as a form compatible to more massive complexity than others but also he pointed out its negative consequences, such as escalating ecological destruction, alienation of human beings from society, etc. Therefore, he does not normatively prefer functional differentiation. Second, Luhmann's frameworks such as evolutionary theory and that of operational closure are not incompatible to giving valuation and advice but that the latter is embedded in former. On the one hand, his evolutionary theory contains valuational aspects in terms of both the positive function of certain "evolutionary achievement" as problem solving and its negative consequence that may promote further evolutionary processes. On the other hand, the idea of operational closure never excludes giving advice as a form of "structural coupling" between scientific and political systems. Third, Luhmann's valuational diagnoses and advice to political practice does not deviate from Max Weber's argument on "scientific criticism of value judgments." Luhmann analyzes other factual possibilities of political practices and he evaluates the factual function or effectiveness of political practice for such political systems based on an idea of the plurality of "system reference." Furthermore, he examines the question how far certain practice accommodates the given conditions of a political system and is realizable. This "realistic" view in evaluation is compatible to the scientific condition that Weber argued. For these reasons, Luhmann's argument is not deviant from his systems theory and general scientific discussion. The article concludes that Luhmann attempted to construct scientific and practical political theory that can evaluate certain political practices without adopting certain normative evaluation scales.

著者

山下 泰幸

出版者

京都大学大学院文学研究科社会学研究室

雑誌

京都社会学年報 : KJS = Kyoto journal of sociology

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, pp.97-104, 2013-12-25

著者

河原 優子

出版者

京都大学大学院文学研究科社会学研究室

雑誌

京都社会学年報 : KJS

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, pp.127-148, 2020-12-25

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In contemporary society, social groups are not necessarily regional and often show fluidity. The social group associated with fan-fiction is one example of such a borderless group which has grown with the proliferation of the Internet. Fan-fiction (nijisōsaku, derivative works) refers to creations, such as comics or novels, made by fans using characters or worlds of already-existing fictions. In this group, members display a remarkably high level of mobility and there are no official organizations, official leaders or written rules. Nevertheless, their activities converge in certain patterns, both online and offline, for maximizing efficiency in communication with other fans. They have a specific economy like organizations, trade their own fan works at events such as “Comic Market” and make use of outside companies. However, members of the group also share common ideals of equality and a non-profit motive resulting from their consciousness of the relationship with the original fictions and the infringement on intellectual property rights though the group has an informal hierarchy based upon the popularity or roles of its members. Based on long-term participant observation and in-depth interviews within the fan-fiction group, the purpose of this paper is to elucidate the structural order from the perspective of the social group elaborating the aforementioned features, analyzing interactions, and examining the roles of members, inside norms and outside rules. This paper also highlights a latent function that works to maintain the huge and amorphous group referring to Simmel’s discussion of “sociability (Geselligkeit)”.

著者

朴 沙羅

出版者

京都大学大学院文学研究科社会学研究室

雑誌

京都社会学年報 = Kyoto journal of sociology

巻号頁・発行日

no.22, pp.89-115, 2014-12

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Oral history is one of the major research methods in both humanities and social sciences such as anthropology, history, and sociology. The characteristics have been discussed, and methodology has been accumulated over decades. This research note tries to grasp major research topic and research projects in oral history and tries to figure out what kind of research projects have been regarded as "oral history". In contrast to the previous literatures on oral history, this note does not look at methodological discussion but at actual research projects and articles by region. After grasping overall conditions of oral history research past around 50 years, I analyze rough trends according to survey population and research intention.

著者

山本 博子

出版者

京都大学大学院文学研究科社会学研究室

雑誌

京都社会学年報

巻号頁・発行日

no.17, pp.67-85, 2009-12

著者

山本 耕平

出版者

京都大学大学院文学研究科社会学研究室

雑誌

京都社会学年報 = Kyoto journal of sociology

巻号頁・発行日

no.25, pp.17-33, 2017-12

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This paper is an attempt to measure the impact of Japanese social science books using Google Scholar and Google Books. While it has often been noted that Japanese social scientists are likely to use books rather than journal articles as their tool for scholarly communication, there have been few attempts to measure the impact of books such as by citation counts. One obstacle to those attempts is that there has been no database that enables us to gather information about different types of scholarly publications other than journal articles. Google Scholar and Google Books, that index information of a much wider range of scholarly publications than existing databases like Science Citation Index, are expected to provide a clue to solve this problem. To explore how many times they are cited, and what types of document contribute to their citation counts, this paper counts the number of citations to eight representative books of Kakusa Shakai-ron (social inequality studies) which were published between 1995 and 2012 using Google Scholar and Google Books. The citing documents are classified into four categories: book, journal article, bulletin paper, and other types of publication (e.g. conference paper). Citation counts from journal articles and those from bulletin papers correlate strongly with total citation counts, while those from books do not Citations from bulletin papers contribute to the growth rate of total citation counts more than those from journal articles do. Overall, the types of publication which are not indexed in the existing database such as bulletin papers have a substantial effect on the impact of social science books. This result indicates the need to pay attention to the wide range of scholarly publications indexed in Google Scholar/Books.

著者

姚 逸葦

出版者

京都大学大学院文学研究科社会学研究室

雑誌

京都社会学年報 : KJS = Kyoto journal of sociology

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, pp.105-113, 2013-12-25

著者

中村 昇平

出版者

京都大学大学院文学研究科社会学研究室

雑誌

京都社会学年報 : KJS = Kyoto journal of sociology

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, pp.81-88, 2013-12-25

著者

井口 暁

出版者

京都大学大学院文学研究科社会学研究室

雑誌

京都社会学年報 : KJS = Kyoto journal of sociology

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, pp.83-94, 2010-12-25

著者

朴 沙羅

出版者

京都大学大学院文学研究科社会学研究室

雑誌

京都社会学年報 : KJS = Kyoto journal of sociology

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, pp.89-115, 2014-12-25

---

Oral history is one of the major research methods in both humanities and social sciences such as anthropology, history, and sociology. The characteristics have been discussed, and methodology has been accumulated over decades. This research note tries to grasp major research topic and research projects in oral history and tries to figure out what kind of research projects have been regarded as "oral history". In contrast to the previous literatures on oral history, this note does not look at methodological discussion but at actual research projects and articles by region. After grasping overall conditions of oral history research past around 50 years, I analyze rough trends according to survey population and research intention.

著者

松谷 実のり

出版者

京都大学大学院文学研究科社会学研究室

雑誌

京都社会学年報 : KJS = Kyoto journal of sociology

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, pp.49-68, 2014-12-25

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The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the academic significance of studies on the new migration of young Japanese workers and propose a plausible approach to study of such migration. Migrants moving through various channels, having different motivations or lifestyles have emerged under the impact of globalization. This paper focuses on a new type of "locally employed" Japanese workers that are usually hired as local staff by overseas Japanese companies. In order to map this emerging migration in the context of migration studies, I introduce the concept of "middle class migrants." The prevailing image of migrants has been polarized to lower class and vulnerable labor migrants and privileged and freemoving elite migrants. Using the term of middle class migrants, I refer to various types of migrants of relatively affluent background yet not limited to the small number of mobile elites. The middle class migrants are relatively privileged in comparison to the lower migrants. Nevertheless, at the same time, we need to consider the systematic and institutional restrains they have to face as migrants and thus their vulnerability in some aspects as well. Increasing presence of middle class migrants brought by the advancing globalization calls for more empirical studies. Locally employed workers are an adequate example of middle class migrants with double aspects. We can address the lacuna in previous studies on middle class migrants through the empirical research on locally employed workers as both privileged and vulnerable migrants. However, existing literature on middle class migrants prefer to emphasize social or cultural factors rather than testing political or economic frameworks, mainly because of the assumption that they face less problems in political, economic, and institutional spheres. In order to acknowledge and scrutinize both the privileged and vulnerable aspects of their existence, we need to apply a system approach to the migration process.

著者

藤田 智博 太郎丸 博

出版者

京都大学大学院文学研究科社会学研究室

雑誌

京都社会学年報 : KJS = Kyoto journal of sociology

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, pp.1-17, 2015-12-25

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This study investigates public opinion in Japan regarding space development. Manned space development (MSD) is costly and dangerous, so some feel that the Japanese government should allocate larger budgets for unmanned space development (USD), on the basis that USD has potential for more scientific results at lower cost. However, previous studies lack an empirical assessment of public opinion on which type of space development the public would prefer. We collected data through an Internet survey conducted in 2014. We randomly sampled 700 respondents from survey monitors with ratios approximating the Japanese population stratified by sex, age, and education. Questionnaire items were related to respondents' perception of space development, opinions on the continuation of MSD after fatal accidents, and opinions on which type of space development are preferable. Our results indicate a general image of MSD as being risky, unprofitable, and not promising, while UMD is viewed as being safer. Most respondents felt that the Japanese government should continue MSD even after a fatal accident once the cause of the accident has been investigated. More respondents preferred MSD over USD, but generally approved of higher government budgets for USD. These results suggest a general preference for MSD in spite of its risks and low productivity, and a preference for larger budgets being allocated to USD because of its productivity.

著者

織田 暁子

出版者

京都大学大学院文学研究科社会学研究室

雑誌

京都社会学年報 = Kyoto journal of sociology

巻号頁・発行日

no.19, pp.23-37, 2011-12

著者

竹内 里欧

出版者

京都大学大学院文学研究科社会学研究室

雑誌

京都社会学年報 : KJS = Kyoto journal of sociology

巻号頁・発行日

no.17, pp.29-42, 2009-12-25

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In this paper I intend to reconsider the boom of bushido (spirit of warrior) in modern Japanese society by analyzing the short story "Hankechi" written by Akutagawa Ryunosuke (1892-1927) in 1916. In modern Japan, the bushido boom began around the end of the nineteenth century. Since the Sino-Japanese War (1894-5) bushido became popular in Japanese discourse. Of course bushi (warrior) as a social class had been abolished before this era. However, it was this boom that made the moral of bushi popular to people from all walks of life. The symbolic work of this boom was Bushido: The Soul of Japan written by Nitobe Inazo (1862-1933) in 1899. It was first published in the United States in 1899, and translated into Japanese in 1908. Nitobe was a famous thinker and educator who had a strong influence on the bushido boom. He had an ambition to be "a bridge between the East and the West". In his book, Nitobe tried to explain bushido as a spirit of Japanese society. He emphasized that bushido was a civilized and refined moral which could be equal to Western ethics. In order to reconsider the bushido boom, I would like to take up one story "Hankechi (Handkerchief)" written by Akutagawa. In the story Akutagawa caricatured Nitobe's ideas of bushido cynically. Even though it is only a short story, it succeeds in grasping the essence of the problem in civilization process of Japan, which was reflected well in the bushido boom. Therefore, it seems reasonable to examine this story as a clue to understand the aporia of the modernization and civilization process of Japan. Especially, I will focus on the "uneasiness" that came over the main character in the last scene of this story. I shall explain why he felt "uneasy" and how that kind of feeling was connected to the identities of intellectuals in modern Japanese society. For this purpose, I would like to use Louis Althusser's theory. Especially I pay attention to his theory about subjectivization. I shall discuss the difficulties embedded in the process in which modern Japanese intellectuals became subjects as represented by Nitobe Inazo's case.