著者

田中 極子

出版者

国際基督教大学 International Christian University

雑誌

社会科学ジャーナル = The Journal of Social Science (ISSN:04542134)

巻号頁・発行日

no.89, pp.139-164, 2022-03-31

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The new coronavirus (COVID-19), which caused a global pandemic in 2020, continues to be disputed over its source, whether it is a natural outbreak or a laboratory spill.It is not an easy task to determine the source of an infectious disease outbreak: whether it is a natural outbreak, an accidental spill from a laboratory, or a deliberate criminal act. It is because of the characteristics of biological agents (infectious agents such as bacteria, pathogenic microorganisms and toxins of biological origin, or viruses) that can be used in small amounts in culture, which makes them easy to conceal, and by the fact that they have an incubation period before the onset of illness, which makes it difficult to track down the cause. Nonetheless, infectious disease outbreaks, once they occur regardless of the source, have a direct impact on people's lives and human health, cause socioeconomic panic and the scale of the damage is immeasurable.In addition, just as the response to COVID-19 caused confusion, the capability to contain the spread and mitigate damage after an outbreak occurs are limited. It is, therefore, an urgent task to build a national and global state of preparedness to control infectious disease, considering it as a non-traditional security agenda. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540 is an attempt by the Security Council to tackle biological threats from an international security perspective. It was adopted in 2004 to prevent the proliferation of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons and their means of delivery to non-state 164 actors. One of the main obligations to all UN Member States is to adopt and implement appropriate national control measures to prevent the proliferation of related materials used to develop, produce or use for these weapons. According to the review of the national implementation of theresolution 1540, however, only half of the 193 UN member states have taken any measures on biosecurity, and there is a wide gap in the content of these measures.This issue may be due to the fact that there is no common understanding of "biosecurity" either within each country or internationally. This paper provides an overall picture of the biosecurity control by UN member states against current biological threats and identifies its challenges and prospects. The paper first illustrates an overview of the diversification of biological threats and depicts what “biosecurity” concepts are being developed accordingly. Four types of biological threats are described, namely, biological terrorism, global infectious disease pandemic, dual use research of concern and environmental risks in biodiversity. It then shows that different nations have different policy priorities for biological threats and that different “biosecurity” concepts are used based on such priorities through the review of national implementation of resolution 1540. The paper shows that many countries that have some national control measures for biological agents have secured such obligations under either infection control or environmental protection legal systems. The paper suggests that in order to establish a nationwidepreparedness system in the presence of different biological threats, countries need to have a standardized concept of "biosecurity" among policy domains and to view it as a public policy issue comprising all aspects of public health, security, economic, fiscal, as well as science and technology. To this end, the paper finally concludes that to effectively bridge the gap between different policy areas, establishing a forum for continuous information sharing is necessary.

著者

川津 茂生

出版者

国際基督教大学 International Christian University

雑誌

国際基督教大学学報. I-A 教育研究 = Educational Studies (ISSN:04523318)

巻号頁・発行日

no.64, pp.107-115, 2022-03-31

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日本語では,その述語性と場面性の優位によって,表現が曖昧になる傾向があり,曖昧さをなくし,普遍的な表現を追求することが推奨されている。言語に普遍性を求めることは,情報処理心理学を基盤とする科学的言語学が,言語の本質を普遍文法に見ることと同調的である。しかし述語性と場面性に包まれることで主語が定まり,そこに初めて主語・述語形式の文が発生するのだとすれば,文,命題,論理を出発点とする考え方は,言語の本来の姿を捉え損なっている。生体情報処理においても,論理的な計算の手前に,生理学的媒体としての脳が,まず述語性また場面性の働きを持ち,主語的なことがそれに包まれることとして成立してくる働きをしていると想定することができる。言語の発生史的な視点を取り入れることにより,生体情報処理をも含めて,あらゆる存在することが,言語に懐かれてあることとなったと理解することが可能である。 In Japanese, the expression tends to be ambiguous by the superiority of the predicate and the scene, and it is generally recommended to eliminate ambiguity and pursue universal expression. The search for universality in language is attuned to the fact that scientific linguistics based on information processing psychology considers the essence of language to be in universal grammar. However, if the subject is established by being embraced in the predicate and the scene, and the sentence with the subject-predicate form is generated for the first time there only, the idea which makes the sentence, the proposition, and logic a starting point for research fails to catch the original essence of the language. It can be assumed that the brain as a physiological medium first has the work of the predicate and the scene before a logical processing, and then the work of approving the subject’s being embraced in the predicate and the scene is carried out in the biological information processing. By taking in the historical point of view of language emergence, it is possible to understand that all beings, including biological information processing, have come to existence by being embraced in language.

著者

萩原 優騎

出版者

国際基督教大学 International Christian University

雑誌

社会科学ジャーナル = The Journal of Social Science (ISSN:04542134)

巻号頁・発行日

no.89, pp.165-185, 2022-03-31

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“LCS: Less Conflictual Solutions” is a methodology of “functional tolerance” theory proposed by Yoichiro Murakami. Takeaki Komatsu regards the concept of “tolerance” defined by Murakami as the one which shows a necessary condition for information senders to understand the context of their communication with information receivers or to build a new context they will be able to share. This definition appears when Komatsu criticizes the premises of risk communication. This paper aims to reconsider LCS and functional tolerance theory by analyzing Komatsu’s argument based on Niklas Luhmann’s sociology. According to Komatsu, one of the main interests of risk communication is how to convince information receivers. It means that the success of risk communication for information senders is to gain information receivers’ trust in their risk management. However, such an assumption is not self-evident if referred to Luhmann’s comments on risk communication. He distinguishes risks from dangers. Risks belong to the decision-makers, and dangers belong to those affected. In other words, risks are the losses recognized as the results of a decision, and dangers are the ones recognized as what are provided from the outside. There is a gulf between the decision-makers and those affected. What Luhmann pointed out is important to reexamine LCS. Murakami says that it is impossible to achieve the unique solution as the least-conflictual one. Therefore, making a compromise is necessary to reach a less conflictual solution. However, LCS cannot be a methodology to overcome a gulf between the decision-makers and those affected. On the other hand, Murakami emphasizes the importance of seeking a possibility to find a better solution, not the best one. If a person places absolute trust in the option selected already, he/she will lose sight of the possibility of choosing a better solution. He/she should be conscious that their present choice is tentative. Murakami regards that such a person is functionally tolerant. Being functionally tolerant is necessary to improve a situation by recognizing a gulf between the decision-makers and those affected, though it will not be resolved completely. In this meaning, Komatsu’s definition of Murakami’s “tolerance” is incorrect. Komatsu’s criticism against risk communication can be applied to LCS, but not to functional tolerance theory itself. However, this does not mean that functional tolerance theory should be accepted uncritically. It will be possible to revise LCS and functional tolerance theory by referring to Luhmann’s view.

著者

那須 里絵 西村 馨

出版者

国際基督教大学 International Christian University

雑誌

国際基督教大学学報. I-A 教育研究 = Educational Studies (ISSN:04523318)

巻号頁・発行日

no.63, pp.113-122, 2021-03-31

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本研究では,仲間希求があるにもかかわらず学校で孤立し,孤独を抱えている思春期の子どもへのグ ループセラピーの有効性を検討した。思春期グループセラピーの仲間関係発達促進モデルの意義を述べ, 仲間関係発達を促進する上でのパラメーター(枠組み,活動,グループ発達段階,セラピストの基本的 技法)を整理し,外来機関でのグループセラピーのデザインを試みた。適切にデザインされたグループ セラピーの適用は,思春期の子どもに居場所を提供し,孤独感の低減と仲間関係の改善をもたらすこと が期待される。ここでデザインされたグループにおける仲間関係の具体的な発達過程について,孤独を かかえた子どもがどのように展開を見せるのかを検討することが今後の課題である。