著者

五野井 郁夫

出版者

国際基督教大学

雑誌

社会科学ジャーナル = The Journal of Social Science (ISSN:04542134)

巻号頁・発行日

no.85, pp.5-22, 2018-03-31

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This paper focuses on presenting and analyzing some of the most importanttheological models of participatory democracy, deliberative democracy and liquiddemocracy to emphasize their possibilities and limits. Each of these democratictheories are located between democratic bipolar models‒representativedemocracy and direct democracy‒ and have explicit commitment to reconsiderexisting models of representative democracy. Liquid Democracy is bothdemocratic political idea and the open source political voting platform createdand practiced by the Swedish and German Pirate Parties as a way to create ascalable and delegate democratic political party in the era of development of theinformation society and social network. Recently this idea has partly been appliedby the working groups of Bundestag (German federal parliament). This papershows how these three models of democracies can be embedded into theframework of existing democratic bipolar models by attempting to providetheoretical foundations of “mixed government” in democratic theories.

著者

中野 佑一 川口 遼

出版者

国際基督教大学

雑誌

社会科学ジャーナル = The Journal of Social Science (ISSN:04542134)

巻号頁・発行日

no.78, pp.65-84, 2014-09-30

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This paper argues for the possibility of “research-education separated model” in order to achieve better social research education.In particular, firstly, we look at the current state of social research education under the Social Research Qualification System and confirm that “research-education integrated model” is now dominant in social research training classes. Secondly, we argue that “research-education integrated model” tends to focus mainly on knowledge and skills in social training, not on the sociological imagination, which is essential to sociology and social research. Thirdly, we examine the common ground between the sociological imagination and reflexive thinking about self and society, one of the goals of liberal arts. Fourthly, we deliberate possible ways of class management to enable a course model which separates education from research on the basis of our educational experiments in “Qualitative Analysis in Sociology” at International Christian University. Finally, we analyze the educational effect of this class on the students participating in the class. As a result, we reveal that there are three educational effects which are mutually related: the understanding of research process, the cultivation of social and communicational skills and the realization of sociological imagination.

著者

二木 泉

出版者

国際基督教大学

雑誌

社会科学ジャーナル (ISSN:04542134)

巻号頁・発行日

no.69, pp.89-115, 2010-03

被引用文献数

1

著者

中村 八朗

出版者

国際基督教大学社会科学研究所

雑誌

社会科学ジャーナル (ISSN:04542134)

巻号頁・発行日

no.2, pp.183-240, 1961-03

著者

萩原優騎

出版者

国際基督教大学

雑誌

国際基督教大学学報. II-B, 社会科学ジャーナル (ISSN:04542134)

巻号頁・発行日

no.66, pp.51-69, 2008-09-30

著者

五野井 郁夫

出版者

国際基督教大学

雑誌

社会科学ジャーナル = The Journal of Social Science (ISSN:04542134)

巻号頁・発行日

no.85, pp.5-22, 2018-03-31

---

This paper focuses on presenting and analyzing some of the most importanttheological models of participatory democracy, deliberative democracy and liquiddemocracy to emphasize their possibilities and limits. Each of these democratictheories are located between democratic bipolar models‒representativedemocracy and direct democracy‒ and have explicit commitment to reconsiderexisting models of representative democracy. Liquid Democracy is bothdemocratic political idea and the open source political voting platform createdand practiced by the Swedish and German Pirate Parties as a way to create ascalable and delegate democratic political party in the era of development of theinformation society and social network. Recently this idea has partly been appliedby the working groups of Bundestag (German federal parliament). This papershows how these three models of democracies can be embedded into theframework of existing democratic bipolar models by attempting to providetheoretical foundations of "mixed government" in democratic theories.

著者

千葉 眞

出版者

国際基督教大学

雑誌

国際基督教大学学報. II-B, 社会科学ジャーナル = The Journal of Social Science (ISSN:04542134)

巻号頁・発行日

no.24(2), pp.65-93, 1986-03-31

著者

萩原 優騎

出版者

国際基督教大学

雑誌

社会科学ジャーナル = The Journal of Social Science (ISSN:04542134)

巻号頁・発行日

no.82, pp.25-45, 2016-09-30

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Resilience became a keyword to consider the situation after the GreatEast Japan Earthquake. However, defining resilience is not easy because of thevariety of its definitions. Therefore it is necessary to compare the definitionin one field with that in the other. It will be impossible to gain a deeperunderstanding of necessary conditions of resilience without such a review. Thepurpose of this paper is to form the foundation to design a resilient communitywith this kind of method mainly based on the views of sociology.One of the most famous definitions of resilience is the one by C. S.Holling. He tried to define resilience by comparing it with stability. Stabilityis the ability of a system to return to an equilibrium state after a temporarydisturbance. On the other hand, resilience is the ability of a system to absorbchange and disturbance and still maintain the same relationships betweenpopulations or state variables. According to Andrew Zolli and Ann MarieHealy, many definitions of resilience rest on one of two essential aspects:continuity and recovery in the face of change. They defined resilience as thecapacity of a system to maintain its core purpose and integrity in the face ofdramatically changed circumstances.Defining community is also indispensable. Junichi Saito definedcommunity as intermediate groups between individuals and nations.Community tended to be evaluated negatively because of its exclusivity andhomogeneity. However, today it means various relationships among peoplethrough the process of collaboration to rebuild their life. The other characterof the contemporary community is it is under the influence of globalization.There are many problems beyond the boundaries such as global environmentalproblems. Making much of plurality and individuality is important because thediscussion without going into specifics will not be useful to solve the problemsin each area. Besides, it is also necessary to consider how to connect theindividual efforts with one another to tackle global issues.However, such kind of efforts has some problems. Efforts of people maybe convenient for the government to reduce costs of their control. As a result,people will function as subcontractors of the government without knowingit. Another problem is the static views of people. They may think the presentsituation is self-evident. They do not assume the situation can change becauseof the lack of critical thinking. It is essential for them to be aware how thepresent situation has been formed to reconsider the actual state. The otherproblem is the difficulty of communication between the experts and the lay.The role of a transitional leader to mediate specialized knowledge of theexperts and local knowledge of the lay will be important to achieve a betterdecision-making.Considering these points is a necessary condition to design a resilientcommunity. They will be presented by the researchers who take part in adecision-making process to support to improve the situation. Moreover, it isalso important to be aware the participation of researchers itself may affect adecision-making process, as Niklas Luhmann pointed out.

著者

西尾 隆

出版者

国際基督教大学

雑誌

社会科学ジャーナル = The Journal of Social Science (ISSN:04542134)

巻号頁・発行日

no.79, pp.143-162, 2015-03-31

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Modern governments have shifted their major functions from coercion to service delivery. Even in such a coercive policy field as correction administration, where the security issue is still a top priority, the style of prison management is changing towards a softer and more responsive system in accordance with new demands from inmates, who are aging, more multicultural and diverse. Having reviewed the characteristics of Japan’s prison management in a comparative perspective, this paper will focus on the recent changes in the correction administration system, with special focus on human resource management and the introduction of the PFI institutions.Historically, Japan’s postwar prison management had been decentralized and flexible, while not well-standardized, but since around 1970 a tightly-controlled prison management system was institutionalized across the country. However, the government started reforming this system’s, legal and practical components, when injuries and fatalities occurred at Nagoya Prison in 2002. In order to put more emphasis on rehabilitation and to mitigate overcrowding, four PFI prisons were established from 2007 to 2008, where prison guards as public servants andstaff of private companies are collaborating in rehabilitation and occupation training of the inmates. Although it is still at an experimental stage, this new style of correction administration seems to replace the traditionally “tight-controlˮ system.When one observes the reality of inmates comparing with patients or handicapped people outside the prison walls, it is becoming harder and harder to draw a clear line between prisons and welfare or medical institutions. While the PFI prisons were introduced to meet the urgent, short-term needs, the reform can have a longer-term impact on the shift of nature of correction administration from a simple coercion for inside safety to a mixture of services including education, training, and welfare for inmates, as well as security for people at large.

著者

萩原 優騎

出版者

国際基督教大学

雑誌

国際基督教大学学報. II-B, 社会科学ジャーナル (ISSN:04542134)

巻号頁・発行日

no.74, pp.47-67, 2012-09-30

出版者

国際基督教大学

雑誌

国際基督教大学学報. II-B, 社会科学ジャーナル = The Journal of Social Science (ISSN:04542134)

巻号頁・発行日

no.25(2), pp.157-168, 1987-03-31

著者

田中 極子

出版者

国際基督教大学 International Christian University

雑誌

社会科学ジャーナル = The Journal of Social Science (ISSN:04542134)

巻号頁・発行日

no.89, pp.139-164, 2022-03-31

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The new coronavirus (COVID-19), which caused a global pandemic in 2020, continues to be disputed over its source, whether it is a natural outbreak or a laboratory spill.It is not an easy task to determine the source of an infectious disease outbreak: whether it is a natural outbreak, an accidental spill from a laboratory, or a deliberate criminal act. It is because of the characteristics of biological agents (infectious agents such as bacteria, pathogenic microorganisms and toxins of biological origin, or viruses) that can be used in small amounts in culture, which makes them easy to conceal, and by the fact that they have an incubation period before the onset of illness, which makes it difficult to track down the cause. Nonetheless, infectious disease outbreaks, once they occur regardless of the source, have a direct impact on people's lives and human health, cause socioeconomic panic and the scale of the damage is immeasurable.In addition, just as the response to COVID-19 caused confusion, the capability to contain the spread and mitigate damage after an outbreak occurs are limited. It is, therefore, an urgent task to build a national and global state of preparedness to control infectious disease, considering it as a non-traditional security agenda. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540 is an attempt by the Security Council to tackle biological threats from an international security perspective. It was adopted in 2004 to prevent the proliferation of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons and their means of delivery to non-state 164 actors. One of the main obligations to all UN Member States is to adopt and implement appropriate national control measures to prevent the proliferation of related materials used to develop, produce or use for these weapons. According to the review of the national implementation of theresolution 1540, however, only half of the 193 UN member states have taken any measures on biosecurity, and there is a wide gap in the content of these measures.This issue may be due to the fact that there is no common understanding of "biosecurity" either within each country or internationally. This paper provides an overall picture of the biosecurity control by UN member states against current biological threats and identifies its challenges and prospects. The paper first illustrates an overview of the diversification of biological threats and depicts what “biosecurity” concepts are being developed accordingly. Four types of biological threats are described, namely, biological terrorism, global infectious disease pandemic, dual use research of concern and environmental risks in biodiversity. It then shows that different nations have different policy priorities for biological threats and that different “biosecurity” concepts are used based on such priorities through the review of national implementation of resolution 1540. The paper shows that many countries that have some national control measures for biological agents have secured such obligations under either infection control or environmental protection legal systems. The paper suggests that in order to establish a nationwidepreparedness system in the presence of different biological threats, countries need to have a standardized concept of "biosecurity" among policy domains and to view it as a public policy issue comprising all aspects of public health, security, economic, fiscal, as well as science and technology. To this end, the paper finally concludes that to effectively bridge the gap between different policy areas, establishing a forum for continuous information sharing is necessary.

著者

Moriki Yoshie

出版者

国際基督教大学

雑誌

国際基督教大学学報. II-B, 社会科学ジャーナル (ISSN:04542134)

巻号頁・発行日

no.74, pp.27-45, 2012-09-30

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The latest population projections published in January 2012 presented theprospect that the Japanese population will continue to decline over the next50 years. Although the Japanese government has introduced various familyfriendlypolicy measures, it appears that raising fertility rates is not an easytask. This paper sheds light on under-recognized factors for Japan's low fertilitythat have not been well explored, focusing on the issue of sexless marriagesand the associated cultural practice of parent-child co-sleeping. It is foundthat, based on national surveys, sexless marriages are common in Japanesesociety and the percentage of "sexless" is high even for those who want a child.Focus group discussions conducted with Japanese males and females revealthat sexual relations between spouses are a secondary matter in their busydaily schedules. For Japanese couples, keeping the family, which is said to behighly child-centered, working well is more of a priority. Also, discussion datasuggest that given strong cultural values for mothering, the sense of "beingthe mother" may make women, who themselves grew up seeing their mothers"sex-free," uninterested in sex. In this context, these women being sexless andnot seeming to mind this situation may be a natural consequence of trying tobe "good" mothers. Besides the ideological closeness between a mother andchild, mothering involves close physical proximity as well; there is a markedpreference for the kawanoji-sleeping arrangement in which parents and a childsleep together in the shape of the Chinese character kawa ( 川). This sleepingarrangement, which makes spousal sexual activities more difficult in practice, ischosen by the parents, who believe that co-sleeping is good for children. Sincemothering work is deeply internalized in Japanese society, it is suggested thatmore attention should be given to this value and the significant implications itcarries with it, including the issue of sexless marriages. It may be true that thisideal norm for proper mothering, a norm that costs time, money, and energy, ismaking the decision to be a mother, to have multiple children, and to continueto work more challenging. The practice of mothering will have to adapt to theemerging socio-demographic conditions in one way or another, so it is necessaryto closely examine what happens to this cultural value.

著者

岡野 英之

出版者

国際基督教大学

雑誌

社会科学ジャーナル (ISSN:04542134)

巻号頁・発行日

no.62, pp.33-58[含 英語文要旨], 2007-03

著者

Ginoza Ayano

出版者

国際基督教大学

雑誌

社会科学ジャーナル (ISSN:04542134)

巻号頁・発行日

no.60, pp.135-155[含 抄録], 2007-03

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Focusing on a tourist site called the "American Village," this paper examines the socio-political interdependency of militarism and tourism in Okinawa by working from cultural theorist Teresia Teaiwa's (1999) neologism "militourism," "a phenomenon by which a military or paramilitary force ensures the smooth running of a tourist industry, and that same tourist industry masks the military force behind it" (p.252). Expanding on this concept, this paper discusses the workings of tourism and U.S. militarism in Okinawa as an interlocking system that supports a tourist economy and simultaneously disguises militarized masculine violence against the local people, environment, and culture in Okinawa. By using an antimilitarist feminist and cultural studies approach, this paper makes visible militarized violence against women in Okinawa. Modeled on Seaport Park in San Diego (a U.S. military town), the American Village was built in 1992 on the central part of Okinawa, Chatan Town, 54% of which is used for the U.S. military facilities. Due to the combination of the U.S. militarization of Okinawa and the recent celebration of U.S. popular culture, this miniaturized simulacrum of America has been incorporated into Okinawan landscape to be enjoyed by the younger generation of Okinawans, tourists from mainland Japan, and U.S. GIs from nearby bases. This paper argues that the American Village functions as an ideological justification of Okinawan colonization by the U.S. and Japanese forces, exploiting Okinawan nature and Okinawan women's bodies and deploying a fantasy of American GIs as a means to capitalize on militarism. Finally this paper discusses a need to incorporate a grounded antimilitarist feminist praxis and a community-based vision of security into the ideas of security reform in order to achieve Okinawan women's empowerment and the goal of true human security.

著者

菊池 秀明

出版者

国際基督教大学

雑誌

社会科学ジャーナル (ISSN:04542134)

巻号頁・発行日

no.55, pp.41-68, 2005-03

著者

葛西 実

出版者

国際基督教大学

雑誌

国際基督教大学学報. II-B, 社会科学ジャーナル = The Journal of Social Science (ISSN:04542134)

巻号頁・発行日

no.14, pp.129-135, 1976-01-31

著者

本間 信長 ホンマ ノブナガ Nobunaga Honma

出版者

国際基督教大学社会科学研究所

雑誌

社会科学ジャ-ナル (ISSN:04542134)

巻号頁・発行日

no.40, pp.187-215, 1999-02

著者

萩原 優騎

出版者

国際基督教大学

雑誌

社会科学ジャーナル = The Journal of Social Science (ISSN:04542134)

巻号頁・発行日

no.85, pp.23-43, 2018-03-31

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It is difficult to share values and aims in the contemporary society, which is abackground of the difficulties of consensus building. The purpose of this paper isto consider the location of problems concerning the difficulties by referring toprevious researches on risks. Theories of Ulrich Beck, Slavoj Žižek and NiklasLuhmann will mainly be focused on.Beck is well known to his theory of risk society. He says that expert knowledgeis necessary to recognize risks in the contemporary situation, which is a result ofthe radicalization of modernity. A main character of a risk society is uncertainty.For example, not only the lay but also experts cannot predict the effects of theproblems caused by science and technology such as environmental problems.People share anxiety and seek safety, but it will not motivate them to change thesituation because their main interest is to avoid the worst. Moreover, the more thesituation becomes serious, the more they will be faced with what they do notknow. In spite of this paradoxical matter, they have to make a decision to avoidthe worst.Žižek's thought is based on Lacanian psychoanalysis. He tries to explainwhere the problems are in a risk society from the view of the structure of thepsychoanalytic subject. The imaginary is stable as long as the symbolic orderworks well. However, this function tends to become unstable in the contemporarysituation. Traditional values and ethics are not self-evident today because of therapid development of science and technology. Ethics committees are organized every time problems occur, but they cannot recover the obviousness of socialvalues. The disintegration of the symbolic order is a result of the radicalization ofreflexivity. The obviousness relies on non-reflexive acceptance of the symbolicinstitution.Luhmann distinguishes risks from dangers. Risks are the losses which arerecognized as the results of decisions, and dangers are the ones which arerecognized as what are provided from the outside. There is a gulf between risksand dangers, in other words, between the decision makers and those affected. Forexample, the decision makers may communicate with those affected. Even if theysucceed in building a consensus as a result of this communication, the structure ofthe conflicts among them itself continues to exist in the concerned society. It isusually said that communication, participation, ethics, and so on are importantelements when they try to build a consensus, but none of them can bridge the gap.Obviously these three theories have different premises and major concerns,though all of them try to analyze the problems of consensus building. It will bedifficult to bridge among them, but comparing their premises and major concernsis significant. Their characters and efficiency are clarified to some degree throughthis research. Knowing characters and efficiency of some theories is necessary inapproaching complex problems in the contemporary risk society, becauseexamining the various aspects is a key to grasp the entire image even if it may betentative.

著者

慎 斗範 Doo-Boem Shin

出版者

国際基督教大学

雑誌

社会科学ジャーナル (ISSN:04542134)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.1, pp.1-19, 1991-06