著者

金森 修

出版者

JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.1, pp.9-14, 1999-12-25

著者

Masahiro MATSUO

出版者

Japan Association for Philosophy of Science

雑誌

Annals of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science (ISSN:04530691)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, pp.67-84, 2021 (Released:2021-12-14)

参考文献数

32

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Undoubtedly, whether to accept the likelihood principle or not has been, and still is, one of the most crucial issues for philosophical debates on statistics, though interests in it are waning from statistical debates due to general preferences for more practical issues of statistics. The principle says all you need in parameter analyses of a statistical model is found in likelihood for the data obtained. Bayesians and likelihoodists have traditionally regarded this principle as fundamental, declining any forms of statistics which violate it. Frequentism, on the other hand, try to reject this principle, upholding error probability as a more crucial factor for statistical analyses. But arguments made so far on the likelihood principle still seem to stay on those as to what principle we prefer to choose in statistical analyses. The validity of this principle seems to have never been explored fully enough through the arguments on either side. In this paper, I briefly review how these arguments have been made and show some difficulty in maintaining the principle. I think this has some impact upon statistical practices as well.

著者

Masahiro TAKATORI

出版者

Japan Association for Philosophy of Science

雑誌

Annals of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science (ISSN:04530691)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, pp.75-91, 2020 (Released:2020-11-18)

参考文献数

20

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Existence monism (EM) is a metaphysical view asserting the existence of only one concrete object. EM is well known for its radicalness, and encounters difficulty in terms of its prima facie inconsistency with truisms. This paper aims to propose an alternative (and somewhat easy) way to overcome this difficulty and indicate another means by which the possibility of EM can be defended. I will present a package of theses that are intended to be combined with EM, which I call Linguistic Ontology with the One as Semantic Glue (LOOSG). I will show that this package (in combination with EM) provides a systematic explanation as to why truisms hold while only one concrete object actually exists. In other words, I will argue that if an existence monist embraces LOOSG, the desired explanation for truisms is then available to her. In addition, it will also be noted that LOOSG has a theoretical virtue, in that it only presupposes the framework of standard semantics. Based on these discussions, I offer LOOSG as a viable option for existence monism.

著者

中島 義道

出版者

JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.3, pp.137-141, 1981

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カントは『純粋理性批判』第2版 (1787年) において「先験的原則論4.経験的思惟一般の要請」の中に, 「観念論論駁」という一節を付け加えている。ここにカントの意図するのは, デカルトの2元論 (rescogitans, resextensa) に由来する「外界の存在証明」という難問を解決することである。<BR>その位置は「現実性」についての説明の最後のところである。カントは第2版に次の一文を挿入することにより, 「現実性」と「観念論論駁」との橋渡しをしている。<BR>「現存在 (Dasein) を間接的に証明しようとするこれらの規則に, だが観念論は強く反対する。ここで観念論論駁を行なうのが適当であろう。 (B274) 」「観念論論駁」のこの位置は, カントにおいては「外界の存在証明」が「現実性 (Wirklichkeit) 」という様相のレベルで問題になっているということを示している。現存在 (Dasein) は現実性 (Wirklichkeit) と同義である。この橋渡しの上で, 私の現存在 (MeinDasein) の意識から私の外の物の現存在 (Dasein einesDingesauBermir) を証明することが, カソトの目標である。<BR>その場合, カントの視点は一貫して「時間規定 (Zeitbestimmung) 」である。ここに「感性論」における「主観の形式」としての時間とは異なった時間理解が現われている。一口で言えば, それは物理学的測定可能な時間である。本稿の目的は「時間規定を通じての外界の存在証明」というカントの試みを再検討し, それによリカントの時間理解の一端をうかがうことである。 (1)

著者

Ryota MORIMOTO

出版者

Japan Association for Philosophy of Science

雑誌

Annals of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science (ISSN:04530691)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, pp.43-65, 2021 (Released:2021-12-14)

参考文献数

40

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Good statistical practice is an integral part of modern science. Null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) is the most widely used statistical method. Nevertheless, misuse and misinterpretation of NHST are widespread, and severe criticisms have been levelled against NHST. In this study, I revisit the primary documents of Fisher, Neyman, and E. Pearson relating to statistical testing. I compare Fisher’s significance testing with Neyman-Pearson hypothesis testing and clarify their thoughts on statistical testing. I hope this study will guide researchers in stopping and thinking about p-value statistics before abandoning it.

著者

Masashi KASAKI

出版者

Japan Association for Philosophy of Science

雑誌

Annals of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science (ISSN:04530691)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, pp.107-114, 2020 (Released:2020-11-18)

参考文献数

3

著者

Hsiao-Fan YEH Ruey-Lin CHEN

出版者

Japan Association for Philosophy of Science

雑誌

Annals of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science (ISSN:04530691)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, pp.39-60, 2017 (Released:2017-11-07)

参考文献数

29

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This paper proposes an experiment-based methodology for both classical genetics and molecular biology by integrating Lindley Darden's mechanism-centered approach and C. Kenneth Waters' phenomenon-centered approach. We argue that the methodology based on experiments offers a satisfactory account of the development of the two biological disciplines. The methodology considers discovery of new mechanisms, investigation of new phenomena, and construction of new theories together, in which experiments play a central role. Experimentation connects the three type of conduct, which work as both ends and means, occurring in a circular way and constituting an overall process of scientific practice from classical genetics to molecular biology.

著者

Takashi IIDA

出版者

Japan Association for Philosophy of Science

雑誌

Annals of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science (ISSN:04530691)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.3, pp.111-118, 1998-03-05 (Released:2009-03-26)

参考文献数

13

被引用文献数

2 3

著者

Sébastien GANDON

出版者

Japan Association for Philosophy of Science

雑誌

Annals of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science (ISSN:04530691)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, pp.1-21, 2017 (Released:2017-09-07)

参考文献数

27

被引用文献数

1

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For the Neo-Fregeans, logicism is first and foremost a means to meet Benacerraf's challenge. The contention is that Hume's Principle provides us with an attractive semantic and epistemological theory, which avoids both extreme Platonism and fictionalism. This answer does not extend, however, to earlier versions of logicism - the ones defended by the historical Frege and Russell, which do not use any abstraction principle. From the neo-logicist perspective, the old versions of logicism no longer constitute credible philosophies of mathematics. In this paper, I suggest that the central position occupied today by the Benaceraff's dilemma blinds us to the possibility of other forms of philosophical agenda, which the ancient logicists attempted to fulfill. Focusing on geometry and the theory of reals, I show that, beside the unification and reduction of all mathematics to logic, another issue was at stake in The Principles as in Principia: how to carve mathematics at its joint? Russell wanted to arbitrate between the various conceptions of mathematical architecture, and found a rational way of doing this. If both mathematics and logic have changed since Russell's time, there is reason to believe that the architectonic issue is still alive today.

著者

Nayuta MIKI

出版者

Japan Association for Philosophy of Science

雑誌

Annals of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science (ISSN:04530691)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, pp.41-56, 2020 (Released:2020-11-18)

参考文献数

20

---

Intention-based semantics (IBS) serves as the paradigm in the field of speaker meaning analysis. However, it has grappled with a well-known problem: the infinite regress of a speaker's intentions. Theorists such as Grice, Schiffer, Davis, and Green have tried to remedy the situation; however, no one has found any solutions until now. The present paper claims that the inability of IBS theorists to resolve the regress problem may be attributed to the conflict between two basic assumptions that they espouse: representationalism and the transparency of speaker meaning. When both are adopted alongside each other, as the current paper shows, the regress problem immediately emerges. It follows, then, that it would be prudent to reject IBS to sufficiently analyze speaker meaning.

著者

Ryota AKIYOSHI

出版者

Japan Association for Philosophy of Science

雑誌

Annals of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science (ISSN:04530691)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, pp.13-29, 2009-03-31 (Released:2017-08-01)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

2 3

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We can find in several places an assertion that Gödel's second incompleteness theorem defeated Hilbert's program. But, (as M. Detlefsen argued in his book) in order to establish this assertion, we need to address additional issues. First we formulate Hilbert's program. Second we reconstruct a standard argument for the claim that Gödel's second incompleteness theorem defeated Hilbert's program. In doing so, we formulate a critical, and problematic assumption which we call "DCT" (Derivability Conditions Thesis). Finally we examine three arguments whose aims are to justify DCT. We show that the first and the second argument are not valid, and discuss the third argument, which is based on Kreisel's idea. We identify a difficulty in this argument as well. After examining the difficulty, we conclude that we cannot claim that Gödel's second incompleteness theorem defeats Hilbert's program. Moreover we clarify what is essentially needed for such an argument to succeed.

著者

Hiroshi SAITO

出版者

Japan Association for Philosophy of Science

雑誌

Annals of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science (ISSN:04530691)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.3, pp.157-173, 1963-03-20 (Released:2009-02-16)

参考文献数

31

著者

中村 隆文

出版者

JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.2, pp.47-55, 2008-03-30

参考文献数

10

---

There are many problems about causality and identity in Humeanism. Especially, a problem that "Humean Supervenience" allowing many possibilities of various external laws encounters is concerned with the difficulty whether such laws can be coherent with the intrinsic properties of causation. This problem is related to another one whether "Humean Supervenience" is compatible with objectivism in accordance with Hume's original intention. Struggling with a disharmony between Hume's pragmatic epistemology and his realistic ontology, many philosophers have tried to dissolve such a complicated problem. But I think their efforts wouldn't be successful and the disharmony doesn't need to be settled, because the prospective collapses of their efforts wouldn't reduce the meaning of Humeanism. In this paper, I conclude that the seeming incoherence should be retained, because it suggests a moderate scientific attitude to be placed between dogmatism and skepticism. I demonstrate it by emphasizing the significance of some parts included in Hume's Treatise.

著者

Moto-o TAKAHASHI

出版者

JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

雑誌

Annals of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science (ISSN:04530691)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.5, pp.205-215, 1970-03-31 (Released:2009-02-16)

参考文献数

11

被引用文献数

1 1

著者

Saku HARA

出版者

JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

雑誌

Annals of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science (ISSN:04530691)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.1, pp.39-58, 2005-11-25 (Released:2009-03-26)

参考文献数

35

著者

九鬼 一人

出版者

JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.1, pp.45-50, 1995-12-25

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本稿は, ストローソンの「真理の遂行説」を, 新たな形で継承することを主題とする。遂行説はオースチン等からの批判のためにあまり顧みられていない。がしかし, それに対する過去の多くの批判は, 遂行説と人格概念とを結合することで, 回避できると考える。真理とは「(1)判断という行為において (2)人格たる認識者によって (3)態度決定された事柄である」と捉えることで, 批判から逃れうるのではないか。まずストローソン, そして遂行説的スタンスを先駆けて提唱したリッカート(1)とともに認識の原基的場面を判断という行為に求める((1))。そしてリッカートを介して, 判断行為の主体が人格であることを押さえる((2))。この改作した立場からいかに遂行説を復権できるかを述べたい。((3))。

著者

Mutsuo M. YANASE

出版者

Japan Association for Philosophy of Science

雑誌

Annals of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science (ISSN:04530691)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, no.3, pp.129-138, 1983-03-05 (Released:2009-02-16)

参考文献数

4

著者

Yusaku OHKUBO

出版者

Japan Association for Philosophy of Science

雑誌

Annals of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science (ISSN:04530691)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, pp.23-41, 2021 (Released:2021-12-14)

参考文献数

44

被引用文献数

1

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The history of statistics is filled with many controversies, in which the prime focus has been the difference in the “interpretation of probability” between Frequentist and Bayesian theories. Many philosophical arguments have been elaborated to examine the problems of both theories based on this dichotomized view of statistics, including the well-known stopping-rule problem and the catch-all hypothesis problem. However, there are also several “hybrid” approaches in theory, practice, and philosophical analysis. This poses many fundamental questions. This paper reviews three cases and argues that the interpretation problem of probability is insufficient to begin a philosophical analysis of the current issues in the field of statistics. A novel viewpoint is proposed to examine the relationship between the stopping-rule problem and the catch-all hypothesis problem.

著者

Yuzuru KAKUDA Makoto KIKUCHI

出版者

Japan Association for Philosophy of Science

雑誌

Annals of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science (ISSN:04530691)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.3, pp.109-125, 2001-11-25 (Released:2009-03-26)

参考文献数

7

被引用文献数

3 5

著者

Paul HORWICH

出版者

Japan Association for Philosophy of Science

雑誌

Annals of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science (ISSN:04530691)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.1-2, pp.133-141, 2008-03-30 (Released:2017-07-14)

参考文献数

7