著者

上野 将敬

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.34.002, (Released:2018-06-27)

参考文献数

75

---

Group-living primates often perform complex social behaviors. Traditionally, observational and experimental studies have provided important insights into the social behaviors of primates; however, these studies have limitations regarding unambiguous causality. The use of artificial stimuli can aid in understanding the mechanisms of animal behavior. A robot, which can perform some behavior sequences automatically or by remote control, serves as a new method to study the response of an animal to the stimulus of the same or other species. One of the advantages of using a robot is that researchers can change the appearance and behavior in line with their purpose. In addition, using a robot can help investigate the influence of more than one individual on another individual's behaviors. Although it is advantageous to use robots in the study of animal behaviors, it entails various challenges. This paper reviews the studies on animal behavior that used robots as stimuli and discusses the contribution of using robots in primate behavior study in the future.

著者

上野 将敬

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.1, pp.21-34, 2017-06-20 (Released:2017-07-27)

参考文献数

105

---

Group-living primates are likely to spend a substantial amount of time grooming and resting with a small number of other group members. Such close and enduring relationships are regarded as affiliative. The properties of affiliative relationships are not fully understood and no consensus exists on how to quantitatively describe them. In this review, I explain the primate behaviors that are related to affiliative relationships and examine the means for using these behaviors to measure the relationship. Traditionally, affiliative relationships are defined by the frequency of proximity and grooming. Individuals with frequent proximity and grooming tend to perform altruistic behaviors for their partners without immediate return from them, groom each other in a reciprocal manner in the long-term, show distress and reconcile after agonistic interactions, and synchronize their behaviors with those of their partners. Thus, in addition to measuring the frequencies of proximity and grooming, these behavioral tendencies might be used as indices of affiliative relationships. Similarly, other questions concerning affiliative relationships remain unexplained. Some studies show that affiliative relationships increase reproductive success, but the mechanisms leading to fitness outcomes remain unclear. Although typically in primates, related individuals tend to form affiliative relationships, such relationships are also formed with unrelated individuals. Affiliative relationships could mitigate the negative effects of competition among individuals in large social groups and ensure that the individuals that form the relationship receive benefits from each other (e.g., agonistic support and collective mobbing). It is also unclear whether the affiliated relationships of nonhuman primates are equivalent to those of humans. Further research is necessary to elucidate similarities or differences in affiliative relationships between human and nonhuman primates.

著者

上野 将敬

出版者

日本動物心理学会

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.66, no.2, pp.91-107, 2016 (Released:2017-01-26)

参考文献数

118

---

Many researchers have investigated why and how animals benefit from each other in a group. Grooming is considered as prosocial behavior in animal societies; the groomer expends time and energy costs, while the groomee receives hygienic and physiological benefits. Based on the reciprocal altruism hypothesis (Trivers, 1971), many researchers have investigated grooming behaviors in primate species. In primates, individuals exchange grooming for grooming or other social benefits (e.g., tolerance for food, agonistic support, or infant handling). Researchers have also established and modified models of grooming reciprocity. In future researches, it would be valuable to investigate the effects of affiliative elationships, soliciting behaviors, self-rewarding, inequity aversion, and partner choice and partner switching on prosocial behaviors.

著者

上野 将敬 山田 一憲 中道 正之

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 Supplement

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, pp.41-42, 2015

---

集団で暮らす霊長類は、様々な相手と毛づくろいを行いあって利益を得る。近年の研究では、彼らが利益をより大きくするために2個体間で駆け引きを行っているのか、それとも、相手をかえながらより大きな利益を得られる相手を選んでいるのかが議論されている。本研究では、相手と親密であるか否かを考慮して、毛づくろいの催促が失敗し、相手から毛づくろいを受けられなかった時に、ニホンザルがどのように行動するのかを調べ、毛づくろい交渉における短期的な行動戦術を検討した。勝山ニホンザル集団(岡山県真庭市)における17頭の成体メスを対象に個体追跡観察を行った。普段の近接率をもとに、親密な相手と親密でない相手を区別した。

著者

上野 将敬

出版者

日本動物心理学会

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.66.2.3, (Released:2016-10-14)

参考文献数

118

被引用文献数

1

---

Many researchers have investigated why and how animals benefit from each other in a group. Grooming is considered as prosocial behavior in animal societies; the groomer expends time and energy costs, while the groomee receives hygienic and physiological benefits. Based on the reciprocal altruism hypothesis (Trivers, 1971), many researchers have investigated grooming behaviors in primate species. In primates, individuals exchange grooming for grooming or other social benefits (e.g., tolerance for food, agonistic support, or infant handling). Researchers have also established and modified models of grooming reciprocity. In future researches, it would be valuable to investigate the effects of affiliative elationships, soliciting behaviors, self-rewarding, inequity aversion, and partner choice and partner switching on prosocial behaviors.

著者

上野 将敬

出版者

大阪大学

雑誌

特別研究員奨励費

巻号頁・発行日

2011

---

葛藤解決行動は、動物が社会的文脈において発揮する認知能力(社会的知性)を明らかにする上で、非常に興味深い研究対象である。対立する2者間で、目的を調和させ、争いをうまく調整する行動は、ヒトを含む社会的動物において、普遍的に存在し、多くの類似性を持つ。そこで本研究では、ニホンザルを対象として、協力的関係を築くための、葛藤解決メカニズムを明らかにすることを目指す。ニホンザルは、気温が低くなると2個体以上の個体がお互いの胴体を接触させてハドルを形成して暖を取る(Hanya et al. 2007)。一方の個体がハドル形成を望んでいるときに、もう一方の個体も同じくハドル形成を望んでいるとは限らない。そこで本研究では、昨年度勝山ニホンザル集団(岡山県真庭市)を観察して得られたデータを分析して、ニホンザルが、成体メスに毛づくろいを行うことによって、個体間の葛藤を少なくしてハドル形成という利益を得ているのかどうかを検討した。成体メス同士でハドルを形成するときには、毛づくろい交渉後にハドルを形成することが多かった。そして、成体メス同士でハドルを形成するときには、毛づくろいを行い、そして相手からお返しの毛づくろいを受けていない時に、ハドルを形成することが多くなっていた。以上の結果から、ニホンザルがけつくろいによって葛藤を解決し、ハドル形成という利益を得ていたことが示された。この研究成果は、ハドル形成に伴う葛藤をどのように解決しているのかを示した初めての研究である。