著者
鎌田 徹 片木 宗弘 中西 啓子 財津 桂 志摩 典明 鎌田 寛恵 三木 昭宏 土橋 均
出版者
日本法科学技術学会
雑誌
日本法科学技術学会誌 (ISSN:18801323)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.15, no.1, pp.15-23, 2010 (Released:2010-02-27)
参考文献数
18
被引用文献数
3 3

The metabolism and urinary excretion of N-hydroxy-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (N-OH MDMA), a newly banned narcotic in Japan, were explored to confirm biotransformation of N-OH MDMA to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and to discriminate between N-OH MDMA and MDMA intake in forensic urine analysis. The in vitro and the in vivo experiences were performed with human liver S9 and rats, respectively, and the resultant products or metabolites were determined using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.   In both the in vitro and the in vivo experiences, MDMA and 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) were detected, and the MDA levels exceeded the MDMA levels throughout the entire periods except for during 3 h after administration to the rats. This suggests the existence of the metabolic pathway(s) from N-OH MDMA to MDA not via MDMA. In urine samples from the administered rats parent N-OH MDMA and its demethylated metabolite N-hydroxy-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (N-OH MDA) with very low levels during short period after administration (≤6 h) were detected. The ratios of the urinary MDA/MDMA levels for N-OH MDMA-administered rats were higher than those for MDMA-administered rats. In addition, the determination of urinary diastereomers of glucuronidated 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMMA), MDMA metabolite, revealed that the relative peak intensity of l-HMMA-glucuronide to d-HMMA-glucuronide was higher in the case of N-OH MDMA-administration than in the case of MDMA-administration.   Detection of MDMA in both the in vitro and the in vivo experiences suggests that N-OH MDMA intake will result in MDMA excretion also in human urine. To discriminate between N-OH MDMA and MDMA intake the following view points would be applicable in urine analysis: 1) detection of N-OH MDMA and/or N-OH MDA, 2) MDA/MDMA ratio, and 3) peak intensities of diastereomeric HMMA-glucuronides.
著者
財津 桂 片木 宗弘 中西 啓子 志摩 典明 鎌田 寛恵 鎌田 徹 西岡 裕 三木 昭宏 辰野 道昭 岩村 樹憲 佐藤 貴子 土橋 均 鈴木 廣一
出版者
日本法科学技術学会
雑誌
日本法科学技術学会誌 (ISSN:18801323)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.16, no.2, pp.73-90, 2011 (Released:2011-08-12)
参考文献数
31
被引用文献数
4 3

Comprehensive analytical method to identify 11 kinds of synthetic cannabinoids has been investigated by thin layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The analytes used in this study have already been detected from various herbal-type designer drugs: 8 kinds of aminoalkylindoles (AAIs) (JWH-015, JWH-018, JWH-073, JWH-081, JWH-200, JWH-250, JWH-251 and JWH-398), two kinds of cyclohexylphenols (CPs) (CP 47,497 and Cannabicyclohexanol), and a Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol analog (HU-210).   Although specific color changes were observed for the cannabinoids using Marquis reagent, identification of each analyte based on Rf values was difficult to be obtained by TLC.   On the other hand, GC/MS and LC/MS/MS were appropriate for their qualitative analyses because of their chromatographic and mass spectral differentiation. A semi-polar capillary column DB-5MS showed the best separation and retention properties of the targeted cannabinoids among the tested GC column phases. Also, characteristic fragment ions were observed in each electron ionization-mass spectrum. The observed fragment ions were mainly derived from α-cleavage of ketone and α-cleavage of amine for AAIs, simple cleavage for CPs, and McLafferty rearrangements for HU-210.   Based on the ionization efficiency of the target analytes using LC/MS/MS, electrospray ionization positive mode was selected for AAIs, and negative mode for CPs and HU-210. All analytes were completely separated by gradient elution of ammonium formate aqueous solution-acetonitrile mobile phase on a C18 (ODS) separation column. In addition, characteristic fragment ions were observed in product ion spectra of AAIs and second generation product ion spectra of CPs and HU-210, enabling reliable confirmation.   These results provide useful information not only for simultaneous analyses of the targeted cannabinoids but also for structural assignment of future cannabimimetic compounds that may appear in the illicit drug market.
著者
人見 裕江 塚原 貴子 中西 啓子 千田 美智子 森安 孝子
雑誌
川崎医療福祉学会誌 (ISSN:09174605)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.6, no.1, pp.91-98, 1996

水分摂取は簡便で身近な看護ケアの一つであるが, この飲水が健康な成人の排便習慣に及ぼす影響を, 日本語版便秘評価尺度と便形評価尺度を用いて調べた.普段より実験的に水分を多く飲むことの了解の得られた対象に, 所定の用紙に研究期間中の水分量, 排便時間と負荷前・負荷中・負荷後のCAS評価と便形評価を依頼し, その排便習慣を検討した.その結果, 成人の排便習慣に及ぼす水分の影響として, 飲水を負荷することによって便は柔らかな形となり, 便硬度の軟化傾向があることが明確になった.この飲水の効果の自覚や飲む時間帯による差は, CASおよび便形評価のいずれの場合にも認められない.しかし, 飲水の負荷は, 便秘でない者, また下剤を使わない者の便形を変化させるが, 便秘者への影響は少ない.さらに, 身体の変調を含むCASでは, 飲水の負荷により, 腹部の身体症状を来たしやすく, 飲水が便秘を改善するかどうかCAS得点上にあらわれにくい.
著者
財津 桂 片木 宗弘 中西 啓子 鎌田 徹 志摩 典明 鎌田 寛恵 石丸(飯尾) 麗子 岩室 嘉晃 地中 啓 高山 成明 三木 昭宏 土橋 均
出版者
日本法科学技術学会
雑誌
日本法科学技術学会誌 (ISSN:18801323)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.15, no.1, pp.25-37, 2010 (Released:2010-02-27)
参考文献数
17

Comprehensive analytical procedures for the unequivocal determination of a newly encountered drug “N-hydroxy-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (N-OH-MDMA)”, which is expected to be chemically unstable and thermally decomposed to MDMA during the analyses, have been investigated by using various qualitative analyses including color tests, thin layer chromatography (TLC), infrared spectroscopy (IR), gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) and capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry (CE/MS). Stability of N-OH-MDMA in aqueous solutions with several pH values and its recovery throughout the liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate (EA) were also examined. Both the color tests and TLC suggested that Simon's reagent and Rf values were helpful for discrimination of N-OH-MDMA and MDMA. The IR spectra of both N-OH-MDMA hydrochloride and MDMA hydrochloride showed a sufficient difference, and the IR spectrum of N-OH-MDMA oxalate, could be identified by some of its specific peaks. GC/MS has demonstrated that both free base and its trifluoroacetyl derivative were easily decomposed to MDMA and other related products in the GC injection port, though trimethylsilyl derivatization prevented its pyrolytic disproportionation to MDMA. On the other hand, LC/MS, LC/MS/MS and CE/MS procedures were found to be reliable techniques for determination of N-OH-MDMA without its thermal and chemical decomposition. Based on the stability studies, N-OH-MDMA proved stable in acid solution, while it was expected to be transformed to isoquinoline-type compounds in neutral solution and readily decomposed to its relevant oxime in alkaline solution. Since no difference of the extraction efficiencies with EA was observed under the neutral and alkaline conditions, the extraction should be done under neutral condition to minimize its decomposition.
著者
中西 啓子
出版者
新潟大学
雑誌
基盤研究(C)
巻号頁・発行日
2000

本研究では、宗密の現存する全著述にわたって彼の三教論に関する記述を調査し、『円覚経大疏』『円覚経大疏釈義鈔』から「原人論」へと集約されるその議論を報告書にとりまとめた。目次は次のようである。序-「原人論」における三教論。1、「一心」と「一気」。2、儒道二教批判(其の一)-『円覚経』普眼章法空門疏鈔。3、儒道二教批判(其の二)-『円覚経』弥勒章業報門疏鈔。4、一気(元気)批判とその周辺。結びにかえて-「原人論・会通本末篇」の検討。これによって、おおよそ以下のようなことを指摘した。宗密は仏教主体の三教一致論を提示し、仏教の宗本たる「一心」に対して、儒道二教の本源を「一気」にまとめ、一心のうちに一気を包摂しようとする。その場合まず、儒道二教の万物生成論(虚無大道・天地・自然・元気)をとりあげ、仏教の因縁にもとづいて、法空や業報を理解せず矛盾を生じていると批判する。ついで、気についてはこれを物質的な元素として意味を限定したうえで、一気から形身と天地世界が生成される過程を、一心における三細六麁の展開過程に組みいれている。これは、澄観によって示唆されていた論点をふまえながら、宗密自身の教学にもとづいてまとめたものである。いうまでもなく、このような議論においては理論的な不整合はまぬがれがたい。しかし、宗密は、六朝以来の神不滅論を継承しながら、それを一心の立場から再構築し、心識(神)と形身の関係、迷いの心識(神)から絶対的な霊性(一心)への展開過程などを明らかにしているのである。神不滅論における「神」と「形」を、「一心」と「一気」に変換し、後世の三教論にたいして新たな枠組みを提供していると言えよう。