著者

吉岡 歩 志和 資朗 大隅 尚広 田邊 宏樹

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.1, pp.41-47, 2016 (Released:2016-07-01)

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Psychopathy is constructed with two factors, interpersonal/affective features including callousness, manipulation and lack of remorse or empathy (Primary Psychopathy), and behavioral problems including impulsivity and lack of long-term goal (Secondary Psychopathy). While it is hypothesized that psychopathic traits are related to both dysfunction of frontal lobe and risky decision-making, there are few empirical studies. To test this hypothesis, we conducted two studies employing questionnaires and laboratory experiment. In the first study, we used Primary and Secondary Psychopathy Scale and Frontal Behavioral Inventory to examine the relationship between psychopathic traits and the function of the frontal lobe. In the second study, we used a gambling task to clarify the relationship between psychopathic traits and risky decision-making. In this task, participants decided whether or not to bet their own money or another participant's money in order to increase their own gain or the partner's gain. Results of these studies showed that psychopathic traits were associated with frontal lobe function, and high psychopathic individuals chose risky options more frequently than low psychopathic individuals. In particular, primary psychopathy prompted risky choices when participants could use partner's money, but not use their own money. Taken together, psychopathic individuals seem to be inclined to make selfish decisions, and this tendency might be caused by the dysfunction of frontal lobe.

著者

鎌内 宏光 佐藤 修一 林 大輔 岡部 芳彦 勝山 智憲 福島 慶太郎 吉岡 歩 佐藤 拓哉 徳地 直子 仲岡 雅裕

出版者

京都大学フィールド科学教育研究センター森林生物圏部門

雑誌

森林研究 = Forest research, Kyoto (ISSN:13444174)

巻号頁・発行日

no.78, pp.81-87, 2012-09

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高緯度域では遡河性魚類によって河川に輸送される海洋由来栄養塩 (Marine derived nutrient : MDN)が河川内および河畔域の生物群集に影響を与えているとされる. 本研究では北海道東部の森林河川上流部において初冬にシロザケ死骸 (ホッチャレ)を約800kg 散布し, ホッチャレの消費者を明らかにした. 散布した死骸は10日間でほとんどすべて消費された. 自動撮影された画像から, 消費者はカラス類が優占しており, トビおよびオオワシを含めて鳥類が96% を占めた. カラス類は近隣の牧場で越冬している個体が移動したと思われた. 自動撮影された画像では, カラス類の摂食は少なくともホッチャレの一部が水面上に露出した場合に限られていたのに対して, オオワシは水面下のホッチャレも摂食した. 集水域の周囲の土地利用や河川の水深および河道形状がホッチャレの消費者組成に影響することが示唆された. 鳥類は, 秋にMDN を輸送するクマとは行動範囲や摂食パターンが異なるため, 初冬にシロザケが遡上する河川では, MDNの散布距離や散布量が秋とは異なることが考えられる.Marine derived nutrient (MDN), which is carried to stream by anadromous animals, affects stream and riparian ecosystems at high latitudes. To clarify the consumer of salmon carcasses during early winter of Eastern Hokkaido, we carried out a field experiment on spreading out carcasses (ca. 800 kg) at a woodland stream. Almost all of carcasses were consumed during 10 days. Crows was dominant, and birds abundance including black kite and Steller's sea eagle occupied 96 % of photo-trapping data. Crows were thought as immigrant from ranches surrounding experimental watershed. From the photo-trapping data, although crows fed only if, at least, a part of carcass was exposed over the water surface, Steller's sea eagle fed carcass even if it submerged. It suggests that land use of surrounding the watershed, channel morphology or depth of stream would affect the composition of carcasses consumer. Because of unique behavior (e.g. migration distance, feeding pattern) by bird, spreading distance and amount of MDN would show different pattern against autumn in streams that salmon runs in early winter.

著者

山崎 隆廣 吉位 尚 黒木 栄司 宮井 大介 林 徹 西村 栄高 吉川 朋宏 吉岡 歩 古土井 春吾 竹野々 巌 市来 浩司 大塚 芳基 中尾 薫 古森 孝英

出版者

一般社団法人 日本歯科薬物療法学会

雑誌

歯科薬物療法 (ISSN:02881012)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.2, pp.54-58, 1999-08-01 (Released:2010-06-08)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

2

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Cases with postoperative infections following teeth extraction are experienced occasionally, however, there have been few reports about the problems following teeth extraction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of general and local background of cases with infections following teeth extraction. The results were as follows:1) The infections following teeth extraction occurred in 11 (2.1%) out of 517 cases.2) There was no relationship between age or underlying disease and the postoperative infection rate.3) The incidence of the infection was the highest after mandibular third molar surgery, however, the relationship between the surgical procedure such as incision or removal of the bone and the infection rate was not found.4) The infection rate of cases with acute inflammation before surgery was higher than that of the cases without any inflammatory signs.5) Prophylactic antibiotic administration was performed on 282 (54.5%) out of 517 cases. The incidence of the infections of the cases with prophylaxis was almost the same as the cases without prophylaxis.6) The postoperative pain in infection cases tends to last longer than the normal course. Therefore, it is important to observe carefully the course of pain to make a diagnosis of postoperative infection.