著者

大隅 尚広 大平 英樹

出版者

日本感情心理学会

雑誌

感情心理学研究 (ISSN:18828817)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.1, pp.2-14, 2010-07-31 (Released:2011-09-01)

参考文献数

94

被引用文献数

1

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This review summarizes empirical findings that have shown affective deficits of psychopathy. Previous studies have accounted for a failure of moral socialization in individuals with psychopathy in terms of low levels of fearfulness and empathy that may lead to an attenuated ability to inhibit deviant behaviors in response to punishments and distress cues from others. Both low-fear and low-empathy hypotheses have implied that a neural basis of psychopathy is a dysfunction of amygdala, a brain region of the center in affective processing. However, the affective dysfunction of psychopathy can also be associated with adaptive behaviors to maximize gains and minimize losses in some situations. Hence, we propose that psychopathy is one side of humans to shape a selfish strategy if necessary.

著者

吉岡 歩 志和 資朗 大隅 尚広 田邊 宏樹

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.1, pp.41-47, 2016 (Released:2016-07-01)

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Psychopathy is constructed with two factors, interpersonal/affective features including callousness, manipulation and lack of remorse or empathy (Primary Psychopathy), and behavioral problems including impulsivity and lack of long-term goal (Secondary Psychopathy). While it is hypothesized that psychopathic traits are related to both dysfunction of frontal lobe and risky decision-making, there are few empirical studies. To test this hypothesis, we conducted two studies employing questionnaires and laboratory experiment. In the first study, we used Primary and Secondary Psychopathy Scale and Frontal Behavioral Inventory to examine the relationship between psychopathic traits and the function of the frontal lobe. In the second study, we used a gambling task to clarify the relationship between psychopathic traits and risky decision-making. In this task, participants decided whether or not to bet their own money or another participant's money in order to increase their own gain or the partner's gain. Results of these studies showed that psychopathic traits were associated with frontal lobe function, and high psychopathic individuals chose risky options more frequently than low psychopathic individuals. In particular, primary psychopathy prompted risky choices when participants could use partner's money, but not use their own money. Taken together, psychopathic individuals seem to be inclined to make selfish decisions, and this tendency might be caused by the dysfunction of frontal lobe.

著者

大隅 尚広 金山 範明 杉浦 義典 大平 英樹

出版者

日本パーソナリティ心理学会

雑誌

パーソナリティ研究 (ISSN:13488406)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.1, pp.117-120, 2007 (Released:2007-10-30)

参考文献数

16

被引用文献数

22 18

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The purpose of the present study was to investigate reliability and validity of Japanese version of the Primary and Secondary Psychopathy Scales. First, similar to the original scales, exploratory factor analysis of the data from a sample of 475 revealed two factors for the scale items. In addition, a sample of 77 provided good indication of internal consistency as well as test-retest temporal stability. Correlations with BIS/BAS scales and PANAS also gave support for the scales' validity. These and other results suggested that, with some reservations, the Japanese version had usefulness of the original scales to measure psychopathic tendencies.

著者

金山 範明 大隅 尚広 大平 英樹

出版者

日本パーソナリティ心理学会

雑誌

パーソナリティ研究 (ISSN:13488406)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.3, pp.362-365, 2007 (Released:2007-07-07)

参考文献数

13

被引用文献数

2 1

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Depersonalization is considered to be elicited by traumatic stress, and is characterized by episodes of detachment or estrangement from one's self. Recently, this phenomenon was understood as a coping mechanism, reducing the impact of a traumatic event. But findings of previous empirical studies were not consistent, possibly because depersonalization has not been classified into more detailed, finer categories. In this study, we preliminarily investigated the classification scheme of Cambridge depersonalization scale using factor analysis, and the relationships between depersonalization and behavioral inhibition system (BIS). Results suggested that depersonalization might lead to reduced and maladaptive emotional responses.

著者

金山 範明 大隅 尚広 大平 英樹 飯高 哲也 開 一夫

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.1, pp.50-63, 2011 (Released:2011-09-07)

参考文献数

31

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Intact face perception is an important function for individual identification in highly socialized human community. Recent studies revealed that there are hereditary individual differences on the cognitive skills related to face identification, named congenital⁄hereditary prosopagnosia. The investigation on the congenital⁄hereditary prosopagnosia would advance our understanding of the face identification mechanism, however, has not been conducted with Japanese samples. The development of the Japanese version of the congenital⁄hereditary prosopagnosia screening scale is the first step of the congenital⁄hereditary prosopagnosia study in Japan. In this study, we attempted the translation of the original screening scale into Japanese, and also investigated the relationship between the score of scale and behavioral⁄physiological responses on face stimuli. As a result, we found highly internal consistency and test-retest reliability for the Japanese version of the congenital⁄hereditary prosopagnosia screening scale. Also we have revealed the score was related to some behavioral performances and ERP responses related to the self-face perception.

著者

大隅 尚広 山根 嵩史

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.2, pp.149-154, 2016 (Released:2017-01-06)

被引用文献数

2

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Human well-being or happiness is affected by various elements. Well-being is not only determined by the degree to which individuals can meet their basic physical needs, but also how individuals behave. An example is the effect of altruistic behaviors, which are defined as putting others' needs before one's own. Why do altruistic behaviors contribute to a greater sense of well-being in agents? Based on the theoretical account of the role of altruistic behaviors in biological adaptation, it was hypothesized in this study that enhancement of biological fitness underlies subjective well-being. It is important to note that, in theory, the adaptive role of altruistic behaviors differs depending on the recipients. Kin selection and reciprocity underlie altruistic behaviors toward family members and others, respectively. In particular, altruistic behaviors toward non-family members are predicted to increase the fitness of the agents through reciprocal interactions with others; however, altruistic behaviors toward family members may not necessarily have the same effect on agents. To test the possibility that altruistic behaviors might affect well-being differently depending on the recipient, a survey was conducted using self-report scales on subjective well-being and daily altruistic acts toward family members, friends, and strangers. As a control variable or moderator, subjective socioeconomic status was also measured. As predicted, the results indicated that altruistic behaviors toward non-family members positively affected subjective well-being, but those toward family members did not. This effect was particularly prominent among individuals with a relatively lower subjective socioeconomic status. These findings indicate that a lifestyle based on direct and indirect reciprocal interactions results in increased well-being. Accordingly, the present study suggests that subjective well-being and biological adaptation are intimately connected.

著者

大隅 尚広 金山 範明 杉浦 義典 大平 英樹

出版者

日本パーソナリティ心理学会

雑誌

パーソナリティ研究 (ISSN:13488406)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.1, pp.117-120, 2007

被引用文献数

18

---

The purpose of the present study was to investigate reliability and validity of Japanese version of the Primary and Secondary Psychopathy Scales. First, similar to the original scales, exploratory factor analysis of the data from a sample of 475 revealed two factors for the scale items. In addition, a sample of 77 provided good indication of internal consistency as well as test-retest temporal stability. Correlations with BIS/BAS scales and PANAS also gave support for the scales' validity. These and other results suggested that, with some reservations, the Japanese version had usefulness of the original scales to measure psychopathic tendencies.

著者

大隅 尚広 大平 英樹

出版者

日本パーソナリティ心理学会

雑誌

日本パーソナリティ心理学会発表論文集

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, pp.112-113, 2008

著者

古屋 健 中井 宏 岡村 和子 大隅 尚広 村山 綾 谷口 俊治 小嶋 理江

出版者

日本応用心理学会

雑誌

応用心理学研究 (ISSN:03874605)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.49, no.1, pp.54-78, 2023-07-31 (Released:2023-10-31)

著者

金山 範明 大隅 尚広 飯村 里沙 余語 真夫 大平 英樹

出版者

日本パーソナリティ心理学会

雑誌

パーソナリティ研究 (ISSN:13488406)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.1, pp.104-107, 2008-09-01 (Released:2008-10-24)

参考文献数

12

被引用文献数

1 1

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Emotional process at times goes awry. For instance, depersonalization disorder includes emotional detachment, which is evoked sometimes by stressful events, just like a common symptom of acute stress disorder. Similarly, psychopathy is characterized by weak emotional responses. However, although they appear to have something in common, these phenomena are not completely the same, and each has some different function for or influence on behavior. We investigated the differences between emotional detachment in depersonalization and weakened emotion in psychopathy, using Emotional Processing Scale (EPS). Path analysis revealed that emotional malfunctions in depersonalization could be separated into dissociation, which was common with primary psychopathy, and suppression, uncontrollability, and confusion, which were common with secondary psychopathy.

著者

金山 範明 大隅 尚広 大平 英樹 飯高 哲也 開 一夫

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 = Cognitive studies : bulletin of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.1, pp.50-63, 2011-03-01

参考文献数

31

---

Intact face perception is an important function for individual identification in highly socialized human community. Recent studies revealed that there are hereditary individual differences on the cognitive skills related to face identification, named congenital⁄hereditary prosopagnosia. The investigation on the congenital⁄hereditary prosopagnosia would advance our understanding of the face identification mechanism, however, has not been conducted with Japanese samples. The development of the Japanese version of the congenital⁄hereditary prosopagnosia screening scale is the first step of the congenital⁄hereditary prosopagnosia study in Japan. In this study, we attempted the translation of the original screening scale into Japanese, and also investigated the relationship between the score of scale and behavioral⁄physiological responses on face stimuli. As a result, we found highly internal consistency and test-retest reliability for the Japanese version of the congenital⁄hereditary prosopagnosia screening scale. Also we have revealed the score was related to some behavioral performances and ERP responses related to the self-face perception.

著者

大隅 尚広

出版者

名古屋大学

雑誌

特別研究員奨励費

巻号頁・発行日

2008

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これまでの研究において,他者からの不公正な金銭の分配を受け入れて利得を得るか,それとも拒絶して互いの利得をゼロにするかという意思決定場面(最後通牒ゲーム)におけるサイコパシー特性の影響を検討した結果,サイコパシーの利己性が高い個人は不公正を受諾する傾向が高いことが示された。この課題における不公正の拒絶は非合理的であるが,公正規範を犯した他者への罰,あるいは公正性の回復(不平等への嫌悪反応)としての意味があると考えられる。そこで,他者への罰の動機を検討するため,他者が意図的に不平等な分配を行った条件と,他者が意図せずに分配金額が不平等になってしまった条件における意思決定を比較した。その結果,実験参加者の拒否率は意図の有無という要因では変わらず,サイコパシーの影響のみが見られた。つまり,これまでの実験における拒否行動には罰の動機は含まれず,不平等への嫌悪反応を基盤としている可能性が示唆された。そして,このことから,サイコパシーによる拒否率の低下は嫌悪反応の低下であるということが推測される。また,この結果は,脳神経イメージングを行った前年の実験の結果,すなわち,嫌悪感情の脳表象であると考えられている前部島皮質が拒否率と相関すること,そしてサイコパシーによって前部島皮質の活動が低下することと整合性をもつ。また,イメージングの結果をさらに解析すると,サイコパシー傾向による前部島皮質の活動の低下が扁桃体の活動の低下と機能的に関連することが明らかになった。つまり,サイコパシーによって不公正が受諾される背景には扁桃体の機能低下の関与が示唆され,サイコパシーの扁桃体の機能低下説を支持した。この結果は,日本パーソナリティ心理学会第19回大会にてポスター発表された。また,国際学術雑誌に投稿予定となっている。