著者

吉川 和希

出版者

京都大学東南アジア地域研究研究所

雑誌

東南アジア研究 (ISSN:05638682)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.2, pp.117-145, 2023-01-31 (Released:2023-01-31)

参考文献数

16

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In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Vietnamese dynasties attempted to extend their reach to Vietnam’s northern uplands—one of the most important regions in the integration of the state. This study examines local governance in the northern uplands during the early Nguyễn period, through an analysis of official documents—particularly the report submitted by the governor-general of the northern provinces (tổng trấn Bắc Thành) in the tenth month of the tenth year of Gia Long (1811). During the eighteenth century, the Lê Dynasty (r. 1428–1527, 1533–1789) depended on local chieftains to administer tax collection and military service in each commune of the northern uplands. After occupying northern Vietnam, the Nguyễn Dynasty found it difficult to gather information on the local chieftains in the northern uplands. It was unable to allocate sufficient resources and manpower to gather this information. In addition, regional officials (such as the governor-general of the northern provinces) did not provide this information to the Nguyễn court, and only some local chieftains cooperated with the Nguyễn Dynasty. Until 1810, the number of chieftains who took on the responsibility of tax collection, drafting soldiers in each commune, and gathering information on the northern uplands—thus cooperating with the Nguyễn Dynasty’s local system of governance—was smaller than the number during the Lê Dynasty. In 1810 the Nguyễn court compiled a list of local chieftains in the northern uplands; this list included the chieftains’ names, the communes where they were registered, and the communes where they collected taxes and drafted soldiers. This indicates that the Nguyễn court attempted to govern the upland provinces by consolidating information on the chieftains. However, it was still difficult for the Nguyễn court to gain full information on the local chieftains since the governor-general of the northern provinces and provincial officials appointed them without reporting to the court. This continued until the Minh Mạng emperor’s (r. 1820–41) well-known reforms, including abolishing the post of governor-general of the northern provinces and the hereditary status of local chieftains. Thus, through examining the transitioning local governance in the northern uplands, this study clarifies the Nguyễn Dynasty’s difficulty in integrating the state during its early years.

著者

吉川 和希

出版者

公益財団法人 史学会

雑誌

史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.130, no.6, pp.63-86, 2021 (Released:2022-06-20)

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近年のベトナム史研究では、十七~十八世紀の紅河デルタにおける自律性の高い村落の形成過程が議論されている。しかしながら人口過剰、耕地開発の限界と相次ぐ天災で多くの農民が流亡した十八世紀に各村落がいかなる戦略を採ったのか、いまだ十分には解明されていない。そこで本稿では村落から人員を供出して祠廟・仏寺や地方官衙の維持管理に当たり、その代わりに公的負担を減免される皂隷や守隷に注目し、公的負担の減免という権益の維持・拡大を官に働きかける村落の動きに光を当てることで、村落住民の戦略を考察した。 十七~十八世紀には多数の村落が皂隷・守隷として公課を減免されたが、同一村落であっても時期によって免除される公的負担が変化しており、皂隷・守隷の権益は流動的かつ不安定だった。村落に対する税・役の賦課は地方官吏にとって自身の私腹を肥やす機会でもあったため、地方官の側が皂隷の村落に対して本来免除すべき負担を賦課する事例もあった。そのため村落側は、既に国家によって承認された公課免除の再承認を何度も要求していた。村落住民が自身の免除対象を維持・拡大しようとする際には、他村落と連名で上申文書を発出する、あるいは他村落の事例を援用して自身の主張を正当化するなどの戦略を採っていた。十八世紀半ば~後半に自然災害や動乱が多発する中で、困窮化を回避するために各村落は様々に努力していた筈であり、公的負担の減免を伴う皂隷もその一環だったに違いない。ただ中央政府は全村落の主張を認めると財源不足に陥るので、財政収入との兼ね合いを勘案しながら村落間の利害を調整していたと思われ、村落側の要求を拒絶する場合もあった。このように十八世紀における人口過剰、海上貿易の衰退、耕地開発の限界と相次ぐ天災という状況下で、限られた資源をめぐって中央政府・地方官・村落がせめぎ合っていた。

著者

吉川 和希

出版者

京都大学東南アジア地域研究研究所

雑誌

東南アジア研究 = Japanese Journal of Southeast Asian Studies (ISSN:05638682)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.1, pp.3-30, 2019-07-31

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During the eighteenth century, large numbers of Chinese laborers came to work in mines in the Northern Uplands of Vietnam. However, few investigations have been conducted on the responses of native chieftains or the local population to the social fluctuations in this area. Therefore, this article focuses on the survival strategies of native chieftains in the Lang Son region. Investigation of correspondence between the Lê-Trinh government and native chieftains in the Lang Son region reveals that under this government's control, native chieftains were tasked with collecting taxes and drafting soldiers in each commune. They were permitted to receive a portion of these tax revenues as salary and collect various fees via taxation, causing them to perceive these roles as their own vested rights. Meanwhile, during the mid-eighteenth century, the Lang Son region was involved in extensive disturbances that destabilized the native chieftains' political and economic bases. Given this background, the Lê-Trinh government frequently sanctioned the aforementioned rights of native chieftains by issuing official documentation, while the chieftains themselves also requested the government to issue official documents confirming their rights. In fact, they possessed these documents until the colonial era or transcribed them in their genealogies, demonstrating that they recognized them as certifications of their vested rights. Thus, during the eighteenth century, developing relations with the Lê-Trinh government was a survival strategy for native chieftains in the Lang Son region.

著者

吉川 和希

出版者

東方学会

雑誌

東方学 (ISSN:04957199)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.134, pp.45-60, 2017-07