著者

小川 功

出版者

滋賀大学経済学会

雑誌

彦根論叢 (ISSN:03875989)

巻号頁・発行日

no.404, pp.64-79, 2015-06

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This paper aims to explore fictitiousness intourism and chooses the Nara Dream Landtheme park, which the author describes as a"copy" of the "original" U.S. Disneyland Resort,as the object of study. The author discussessuch matters as the relationship between theoriginal and the copy, whether there were anyconnections between the creator of the originaland the founders of the copy, and the chasm ofunderstanding that existed between the twoparties.Nara Dream Land was founded by KunizoMatsuo. Deeply inspired by what he saw at Disneylandin the United States, Matsuo set out tobuild its copy in Japan with the sheer desire toshare the same exciting experience with Japanesechildren. The park, however, has oftenbeen held in a negative light, with the dominantview being it was an unofficial imitation,one that hindered the efforts years later to openthe official Disneyland in Tokyo. The park wasalso criticized for having ruined the valuablehistorical sites featured in ancient manyo wakapoems.Matsuo's autobiography and statements ofpeople close to him indicate that he met WaltDisney in 1958 and secured Disney's commitmentto provide some kind of assistance inbuilding Nara Dream Land. Their accounts canbe confirmed in several newspaper articles ofthe time, but the facts are elusive. Around thesame time, the Yomiuri Shimbun Corporationwas also vying to win Disney's cooperation fora plan to build a large amusement park by leveragingbusiness contacts with the NipponTelevision Network.Of the 20 founders of original DreamlandCorporation, the company that erected NaraDream Land, the author takes a particular interestin Masaichi Nagata, president of theDaiei Motion Picture Company. Nagata acquiredDisney's film distribution rights duringhis 1949 visit to the United States and subsequentlyhis company launched a foreign filmdivision. He also engaged in Disney characterlicensing and later helped promote Tokyo Disneylandin accordance with the agreement withthe Walt Disney Company headquarters.While recruiting potential investors forDreamland Corporation, Nagata claimed thathe introduced Matsuo to his close friend 'Walt'at the time of Matsuo's trip to America and thatMatsuo acquired Disney's permission to open areproduction in Japan. Given that Nagata wasone of the few businessmen in Japan with astrong connection to Walt Disney, and onewho made regular visits to the U.S. Disneyland,it can be presumed that his name appearing onthe list of founders as well as his active supportfor the proposed park was enough to convincepeople that Nara Dream Land was not a copybut an official reproduction of the U.S. original.In other words, Nagata's role was akin to thatof an "apparent representative."078 THE HIKONE RONSO 2015 summer / No.404The majestic railway station building situatedat the Nara Dream Land entrance is said tohave been designed by a famous architect whenhe accompanied Matsuo on his U.S. trip. Therailroad encircling the park is a standard featurein all Disneyland parks around the world, exceptfor Tokyo Disneyland, and the park inNara also adhered to this style marked by thefounder's love of trains. The author speculatesthat Matsuo, a former boss of a traveling theatertroupe, flew to the U.S. with henchmen ina show of Japanese"Jingi", and perhaps assumedthat giving his park an entrance gateway identicalto the original was sufficient to make it aDisneyland reproduction.Nara Dream Land is a negative legacy and asymbol that Japan, in the years Nara DreamLand was being developed, had not yet reachedthe level of social maturity that ensured theprotection of intellectual property rights. Thepark nevertheless had a significant impact onnumerous aspects of Tokyo Disneyland, fromits planning and establishment to designs, andfor this reason, the author argues that the nowdesolate park, and in particular, the stationbuilding of the park-encircling railroad, nothaving undergone any kind of renovationssince first built, merits recognition as industrialheritage representative of the Japanese themepark industry.

著者

小川功

出版者

滋賀大学

雑誌

彦根論叢

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2015年(秋), no.405, 2015-09-30

著者

小川 功

出版者

跡見学園女子大学

雑誌

跡見学園女子大学マネジメント学部紀要 = JOURNAL OF ATOMI UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT (ISSN:13481118)

巻号頁・発行日

no.24, pp.1-23, 2017-07

著者

小川 功

出版者

滋賀大学経済学会

雑誌

彦根論叢 (ISSN:03875989)

巻号頁・発行日

no.第404号, pp.64-79, 2015-06

---

This paper aims to explore fictitiousness intourism and chooses the Nara Dream Landtheme park, which the author describes as a“copy” of the “original” U.S. Disneyland Resort,as the object of study. The author discussessuch matters as the relationship between theoriginal and the copy, whether there were anyconnections between the creator of the originaland the founders of the copy, and the chasm ofunderstanding that existed between the twoparties.Nara Dream Land was founded by KunizoMatsuo. Deeply inspired by what he saw at Disneylandin the United States, Matsuo set out tobuild its copy in Japan with the sheer desire toshare the same exciting experience with Japanesechildren. The park, however, has oftenbeen held in a negative light, with the dominantview being it was an unofficial imitation,one that hindered the efforts years later to openthe official Disneyland in Tokyo. The park wasalso criticized for having ruined the valuablehistorical sites featured in ancient manyo wakapoems.Matsuo’s autobiography and statements ofpeople close to him indicate that he met WaltDisney in 1958 and secured Disney’s commitmentto provide some kind of assistance inbuilding Nara Dream Land. Their accounts canbe confirmed in several newspaper articles ofthe time, but the facts are elusive. Around thesame time, the Yomiuri Shimbun Corporationwas also vying to win Disney’s cooperation fora plan to build a large amusement park by leveragingbusiness contacts with the NipponTelevision Network.Of the 20 founders of original DreamlandCorporation, the company that erected NaraDream Land, the author takes a particular interestin Masaichi Nagata, president of theDaiei Motion Picture Company. Nagata acquiredDisney’s film distribution rights duringhis 1949 visit to the United States and subsequentlyhis company launched a foreign filmdivision. He also engaged in Disney characterlicensing and later helped promote Tokyo Disneylandin accordance with the agreement withthe Walt Disney Company headquarters.While recruiting potential investors forDreamland Corporation, Nagata claimed thathe introduced Matsuo to his close friend ‘Walt’at the time of Matsuo’s trip to America and thatMatsuo acquired Disney’s permission to open areproduction in Japan. Given that Nagata wasone of the few businessmen in Japan with astrong connection to Walt Disney, and onewho made regular visits to the U.S. Disneyland,it can be presumed that his name appearing onthe list of founders as well as his active supportfor the proposed park was enough to convincepeople that Nara Dream Land was not a copybut an official reproduction of the U.S. original.In other words, Nagata’s role was akin to thatof an “apparent representative.”078 THE HIKONE RONSO 2015 summer / No.404The majestic railway station building situatedat the Nara Dream Land entrance is said tohave been designed by a famous architect whenhe accompanied Matsuo on his U.S. trip. Therailroad encircling the park is a standard featurein all Disneyland parks around the world, exceptfor Tokyo Disneyland, and the park inNara also adhered to this style marked by thefounder’s love of trains. The author speculatesthat Matsuo, a former boss of a traveling theatertroupe, flew to the U.S. with henchmen ina show of Japanese“Jingi”, and perhaps assumedthat giving his park an entrance gateway identicalto the original was sufficient to make it aDisneyland reproduction.Nara Dream Land is a negative legacy and asymbol that Japan, in the years Nara DreamLand was being developed, had not yet reachedthe level of social maturity that ensured theprotection of intellectual property rights. Thepark nevertheless had a significant impact onnumerous aspects of Tokyo Disneyland, fromits planning and establishment to designs, andfor this reason, the author argues that the nowdesolate park, and in particular, the stationbuilding of the park-encircling railroad, nothaving undergone any kind of renovationssince first built, merits recognition as industrialheritage representative of the Japanese themepark industry.

著者

小川 功

出版者

跡見学園女子大学

雑誌

跡見学園女子大学マネジメント学部紀要 = JOURNAL OF ATOMI UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT (ISSN:13481118)

巻号頁・発行日

no.9, pp.1-24, 2010-03

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旅館主が地域振興に大きく貢献した例は別府の油屋熊八など全国に数多く存在するが,油屋など一\n部の例外を除き必ずしも伝記等で事跡が解明されているわけではない。その背景には旅館業の多くが家業として個人経営の形態で運営され情報公開されることも少なかった事情もあろう。\n今回取り上げた日本三景の一・松島の旅館主・大宮司雅之輔の場合,ご子孫が遺品たる書画骨董等\nの一切を瑞巌寺宝物館ほかに寄贈され,学術的な調査を経て数次にわたり同館で特別展を開催されて来たという希有な事情にあった。本稿では同館のこれまでの研究成果や『松島町史』等に依拠しつつ,大宮司が地元の観光振興を願って運輸業を中核とする地元企業の多くに役員・大株主等として積極的に関与した企業者史的側面を明らかにしようとした。\nまず松島軽便鉄道では執行役員による仮装払込が発覚して免許失効,次に松島電車では経営不振の\nため債権者に軌条・車両等を競落され運行停止に陥るなど,彼が関与した企業の多くは期待された成果を生まなかった。相次ぐ不首尾にもかかわらず,彼はその後も松島を中心とする陸海の各種運輸業への関与を止めようとしなかった。一面で浮世絵等の収集家でもあった彼は独自の考え方に基づいて美術商から大量の書画を買い続けたという。関与した松島軽便鉄道,松島電車等はいわば習作の部類に入るわけだが,最後に本命視した宮城電気鉄道(現仙石線)は仙台と直結する本物の観光路線として成功を収めた。彼が損失も覚悟の上で最後まで地域の公益企業に関与をし続けた根底には明治末期宮城県から松島公園の委員を嘱託された際に開陳した彼の宿願たる松島振興策があったものと考えられる。なお地元銀行の再生等に私財を投じて尽力した大宮司の銀行家としての今一つの重要な側面の解明は別稿にゆずりたい。

著者

小川 功

出版者

跡見学園女子大学

雑誌

跡見学園女子大学マネジメント学部紀要 = JOURNAL OF ATOMI UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT (ISSN:13481118)

巻号頁・発行日

no.23, pp.1-32, 2017-01

著者

小川 功

出版者

跡見学園女子大学

雑誌

跡見学園女子大学マネジメント学部紀要 (ISSN:13481118)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, pp.1-24, 2010-03-15

---

旅館主が地域振興に大きく貢献した例は別府の油屋熊八など全国に数多く存在するが,油屋など一部の例外を除き必ずしも伝記等で事跡が解明されているわけではない。その背景には旅館業の多くが家業として個人経営の形態で運営され情報公開されることも少なかった事情もあろう。今回取り上げた日本三景の一・松島の旅館主・大宮司雅之輔の場合,ご子孫が遺品たる書画骨董等の一切を瑞巌寺宝物館ほかに寄贈され,学術的な調査を経て数次にわたり同館で特別展を開催されて来たという希有な事情にあった。本稿では同館のこれまでの研究成果や『松島町史』等に依拠しつつ,大宮司が地元の観光振興を願って運輸業を中核とする地元企業の多くに役員・大株主等として積極的に関与した企業者史的側面を明らかにしようとした。まず松島軽便鉄道では執行役員による仮装払込が発覚して免許失効,次に松島電車では経営不振のため債権者に軌条・車両等を競落され運行停止に陥るなど,彼が関与した企業の多くは期待された成果を生まなかった。相次ぐ不首尾にもかかわらず,彼はその後も松島を中心とする陸海の各種運輸業への関与を止めようとしなかった。一面で浮世絵等の収集家でもあった彼は独自の考え方に基づいて美術商から大量の書画を買い続けたという。関与した松島軽便鉄道,松島電車等はいわば習作の部類に入るわけだが,最後に本命視した宮城電気鉄道(現JR仙石線)は仙台と直結する本物の観光路線として成功を収めた。彼が損失も覚悟の上で最後まで地域の公益企業に関与をし続けた根底には明治末期宮城県から松島公園の委員を嘱託された際に開陳した彼の宿願たる松島振興策があったものと考えられる。なお地元銀行の再生等に私財を投じて尽力した大宮司の銀行家としての今一つの重要な側面の解明は別稿にゆずりたい。

著者

小川 功

出版者

滋賀大学経済学会

雑誌

彦根論叢 (ISSN:03875989)

巻号頁・発行日

no.第407号, pp.108-121, 2016-03

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When one thinks of unordinary trips, anaround-the-world cruise on a luxurious shipand a transcontinental trip on a deluxe sleepertrain come to mind. Yet this paper will discussthe opposite of these types of travel: namely,low-class trips by what the author calls “fictitiousrailways.”The mysterious and fictitious railways run bya private logging train company existed brieflybefore the Second World War on the southernedge of Shikoku Island, and vanished withoutbeing noticed. People used the service to enjoya scenic view of a valley with a famous waterfallfrom a train that did not have a roof or evenseats.Trolley trains on Yakushima Island - a WorldHeritage Site - and the Kurobe Gorge havebeen serving the same function for tourists. Butthe Shikoku one is unique in that a car withseveral adult passengers was pulled by a westerndog up a several-kilometer slope to the waterfall.The train service was sold to tourists by theSightseeing Railways, which was founded andrun by a cooperative association of the ownersof a local mountain and forest. Even thoughthe association was approved by the Ministryof Agriculture and Forestry, it did not have a licenseissued by the Railway Supervision Bureauto operate a commercial train service. Thus, itwas an unlicensed, fake railway company.So why was it able to provide the service?The answer can be found through examinationof similar unlicensed railways operating inHokkaido at the time of its original developmentin the 1930’s. Remote mountain areaswhere regular railways were unlikely to be developedwere considered special districts, andthe bureau was lenient concerning train servicesin those areas and did not apply strictregulations there.

著者

小川 功

出版者

滋賀大学

雑誌

滋賀大学経済学部研究年報 (ISSN:13411608)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, pp.39-80, 1996

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The Tokyo Watanabe Bank, as a medium metropolitan bank, was the most notorious Kikan Ginko (banks for financial groups) in Japan for its role in triggering the Financial Crisis of 1927. Bank Founder Jiuemon Watanabe, a so called "Land Baron" in Tokyo, concentrated the bank's investments and loans in railways and electric light industries such as Nippon Railway and Tokyo Electric Light. But his sons, especially Katsusaburo Watanabe, famous for holding a record number of offices concurrently, reinvested bank funds in active and speculative stocks during the wartime boom. Katsusaburo Watanabe concurrently held the posts of more than 60 companies and ambitiously tried to make his business group grow into a "Watanabe Zaibatsu". In the post-World War I recession, many subsidiaries of the bank went bankrupt. Then this bank was forced to lend from even loan sharks, such as Inui & Co., due to an extreme cash flow shortage. The Tokyo Watanabe Bank temporarily closed on March 15,1927,and triggered the Financial Crisis of 1927,owing to the inappropriate parliamentary testimony of Finance Minister Naoharu Kataoka, who inadvertently mentioned the bank's closing.

著者

小川 功

出版者

滋賀大学経済学会

雑誌

彦根論叢 (ISSN:03875989)

巻号頁・発行日

no.第410号, pp.54-67, 2016-12

著者

小川 功

出版者

跡見学園女子大学

雑誌

跡見学園女子大学マネジメント学部紀要 (ISSN:13481118)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, pp.1-18, 2010-10-15

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京都の洛西地区の地主・名望家グループの風間八左衛門,小林吉明らは町村長・議員等として地域の行政・政治に関わる一方,明治30 年代から40 年代にかけて地元の嵯峨・嵐山の地域振興,観光振興を目論み,名勝旧跡の保存・紹介,嵐山焼など名産品の開発を行う傍ら,1、温泉会社,2、遊園会社,3、水力電気,4、銀行等を共同で発起した。本稿ではこのうち嵐山温泉,嵯峨遊園両社を取り上げたが,彼らは外人観光客を対象とした名所案内,環境整備等にも努力し,外人誘致にも貢献した。1、嵐山温泉は無色透明の炭酸冷泉であったが,渡月橋畔から船で嵐峡の清流を遡る風景絶佳の地にある老舗旅館として内外の観光客に愛好された。また2、嵯峨遊園は葛野郡による嵐山公園設置の経費を使用料として調達する意味から,公園内に遊覧客向の建物を数軒新築し飲食・遊興業者に賃貸するという官設公園内の民営代行から出発した。設立に当って同社が「営利を専らとせず,成る可く公衆の利便に資する」旨を謳ったように,京都市内の投資家集団が買収した嵐山三軒家や,嵐山に広大な別荘を建築しようとした内外の資産家等の行動に比し,小林らの行動は地元の振興を第一義とするものであったと評価できよう。しかし3、清滝川水力電気が創立早々に川崎・松方系統の嵐山電車軌道への身売りを余儀なくされたように,巨額の資金を固定化させがちな風間・小林派の関係企業は概して苦難の道を歩み,昭和2 年の金融恐慌で彼らが共同出資した旗艦・4、嵯峨銀行が破綻すると,嵐山焼の廃絶に象徴されるように,上記の両社を除き多くの関係企業の衰退を招いた。その後も彼らの意志を継承する子孫等により,嵐山焼の再興が幾度も企画されたり,近年でも嵐山に本格的な温泉を掘削・導入するなど地元資本による観光振興策が試みられる一方,残念ながら長い歴史を有する老舗旅館・嵐峡館が休業を余儀なくされ,大手観光資本により買収・改名されるなどの変化が見られる。大幅改装後の同館が期待通り内外貴賓の接待所の機能を果すならば創設者の意にも沿う展開であろう。

著者

小川 功

出版者

滋賀大学経済学会

雑誌

彦根論叢 (ISSN:03875989)

巻号頁・発行日

no.第414号, pp.62-79, 2017-12

著者

小川 功

出版者

滋賀大学

雑誌

滋賀大学経済学部研究年報 (ISSN:13411608)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, pp.55-78, 2004

著者

小川 功

出版者

跡見学園女子大学

雑誌

跡見学園女子大学マネジメント学部紀要 (ISSN:13481118)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, pp.41-63, 2014-01-15

著者

小川 功

出版者

滋賀大学

雑誌

滋賀大学経済学部研究年報 (ISSN:13411608)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, pp.23-43, 1999

著者

小川 功

出版者

跡見学園女子大学

雑誌

跡見学園女子大学マネジメント学部紀要 = JOURNAL OF ATOMI UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT (ISSN:13481118)

巻号頁・発行日

no.27, pp.1-29, 2019-01

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鉄道網が拡大する明治20年代から明治30年代までの私鉄勃興時代に、特定の企業や信仰を背景とせず、旅館業者同士の緩やかな結合による共済組織で「定宿帳」(同盟旅館の名簿類)を発刊した「一新講社」と「大日本旅館改良組」の形成過程を分析した。さらに同種の「日本同盟大旅館会本部」が刊行した時刻表『旅行独案内』と「全国漫遊の独案内とも云つべき有益雑誌」の『大旅館雑誌 旅客之楽園』の内容をごく少数の残存号を発掘して紹介した。明治31年10月発行した創刊号は一ヵ月前同一団体で創刊した時刻表の姉妹編ないし別冊特集といった性格を有する。鉄道に関する特異なまでの詳述傾向は『大旅館雑誌』発行所主事・赤井直道「漫遊者大中居士の実地視察感悟に因て起稿」した個人的嗜好によるものと判断した。最後に『大旅館雑誌』に掲載された「大旅館」がどのような旅館であったのかを数量的に検証し、京都・奈良・金沢の古都等での掲載旅館群のその後の栄枯盛衰の軌跡を探索した。

著者

小川功

出版者

滋賀大学経済経営研究所

雑誌

彦根論叢

巻号頁・発行日

no.386, 2010-12-28

著者

小川 功

出版者

滋賀大学経済学会

雑誌

彦根論叢 (ISSN:03875989)

巻号頁・発行日

no.405, pp.76-90, 2015-09

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For fundamentalists who believe that tourism is a religious act in pursuit of authenticity, and that tourist destinations should be limited only to authentic places, all imitations with no hint of authenticity should be cast aside. They view most tourism resources as valueless copies of others, cross out one spot after another, and conclude that the only places in the world worth visiting are sites associated with the cradle of civilization. Judging from analyses of tourism in Japan from the early to late modern periods, however, I feel that narrowing down the purpose of tourism to authenticity alone is unrealistic. Amusement parks that emerged in and after the Meiji period of modernization (1868–1912), for instance, were in fact evolved versions of freak show huts from the early modern period, gathering a variety of imitations that offered visitors the fun, simulated experience of going on a real trip. Another typical example is Nara Dreamland, which was built for people who could not afford to travel far across the sea to the United States. With demand lasting into the late modern period for cheap "false" destinations closer to home as a substitute for "true" ones far away, this paper sheds light on examples of imitations that borrow names from famous scenic sites and are received favorably by the public. In some instances, the copying of tourist destination names begins when residents and travelers recognize similarities between a familiar place and a famous scenic site. The image grows until the copied name is written in a travel journal or used as a station name, and in the end the name takes root. In other instances, copying occurs when a scholar, landscape architect, writer, or journalist's impressions of a place are printed and circulated. In this day and age, these conventional scenarios are overshadowed by channels ranging from the mass media to the Internet giving rise to the emulation of overseas place names. The motivation for copying is a strong admiration for the original and the originator. But whereas up to the early modern period this motivation was based on pure faith, beyond the late modern period it changed to the pursuit of commercial profit, and eventually to following successful business models. How well a copied place name is received varies by region. Sometimes, one case of copying can provoke a chain reaction. The names of many beaches around the Chita Peninsula in Aichi Prefecture, for example, are copies of other place names. Imitation entails some sense of guilt, and copiers often end up making excuses to justify the act. Some examples of excuse are proximity to and closeness with the original place, similarity between landscapes, permission from the originator, use of the same material as the original, friendly relations with the originator, and naming by a third party of authority. There are also different levels of copying, starting with a simple appellative or a nickname, going on to the common name of a facility, company, station, or neighborhood, then to official place name, and culminating in the formal name of a municipality. The relationship between copier and community varies as well. Imitation can be agreed upon by all, or endorsed and established; met with silent approval, disagreement, or objection; or face requests for renaming or a return to the former name. Cheap copies that belittle the area's history and culture or are based on poor reasoning tend to be unsuccessful at gaining understanding from the residents and fail to take root. Some station names are soon restored to their original place names because of opposition, and other names disappear from the residents' memory altogether. On the contrary, imitations that are to some degree rational or win the residents' approval tend to endure. One example is Maihama, the home of Tokyo Disneyland in Urayasu City, Chiba, which derives from Miami Beach, Florida, home to Disneyworld. Thanks to the absence of a previous name – Maihama is built on reclaimed land – and the presence of an American amusement park, very few opposed to the imitation of a foreign place name. Evaluating emulation is difficult, since a thing cannot be disregarded simply because it is "false." The Hiraizumi culture that took root and blossomed in the Tohoku region, for example, is looked down on by quite a number of scholars who see it as a mere transplant of the aristocratic culture of Kyoto. And even Kyoto, which we Japanese regard as the origin of Hiraizumi, is an imitation of China in terms of city planning. Tokyo is the originator of a great number of place names copied everywhere today, such as Ginza. But in the early premodern Edo period (1603–1868), this Tokyo was yet another copier that admired and imitated originals from the Kyoto-Ohmi area, like Mt. Hiei and Lake Biwa. Kyoto itself, although home to an ample number of authentic temples and shrines, has its share of imitation: the Omuro Pilgrimage of 88 Temples, a miniature version of the Shikoku Pilgrimage of 88 Temples. This was created by the religious leader of Ninnaji Temple in the Edo period, when traveling to the remote island of Shikoku was difficult. He brought sand from all 88 temples in Shikoku, buried it in the mountain in Kyoto, built 88 halls, and completed a "theme park" where people could make a pilgrimage in just two hours. Since the route in Kyoto served to ease the homesickness of immigrants from Shikoku, there were virtually no protests from originator about the imitation. Even today, people who visit Ninnaji every morning know the place is "false," but they enjoy the remarkable mini course and feel as refreshed as if they undertook a "true" journey in Shikoku. The Omuro site may be an imitation, but it is not the work of commercial developers. It was built openly by an authentic religious figure in temple grounds now designated a World Heritage site, calling out for worshippers to come. This represents "true" and "false" coexisting without conflict, where both "original" and "imitation" continue to play a significant role in their own right.

著者

小川 功

出版者

滋賀大学経済学会

雑誌

彦根論叢 (ISSN:03875989)

巻号頁・発行日

no.407, pp.108-121, 2016

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When one thinks of unordinary trips, anaround-the-world cruise on a luxurious shipand a transcontinental trip on a deluxe sleepertrain come to mind. Yet this paper will discussthe opposite of these types of travel: namely,low-class trips by what the author calls "fictitiousrailways."The mysterious and fictitious railways run bya private logging train company existed brieflybefore the Second World War on the southernedge of Shikoku Island, and vanished withoutbeing noticed. People used the service to enjoya scenic view of a valley with a famous waterfallfrom a train that did not have a roof or evenseats.Trolley trains on Yakushima Island - a WorldHeritage Site - and the Kurobe Gorge havebeen serving the same function for tourists. Butthe Shikoku one is unique in that a car withseveral adult passengers was pulled by a westerndog up a several-kilometer slope to the waterfall.The train service was sold to tourists by theSightseeing Railways, which was founded andrun by a cooperative association of the ownersof a local mountain and forest. Even thoughthe association was approved by the Ministryof Agriculture and Forestry, it did not have a licenseissued by the Railway Supervision Bureauto operate a commercial train service. Thus, itwas an unlicensed, fake railway company.So why was it able to provide the service?The answer can be found through examinationof similar unlicensed railways operating inHokkaido at the time of its original developmentin the 1930's. Remote mountain areaswhere regular railways were unlikely to be developedwere considered special districts, andthe bureau was lenient concerning train servicesin those areas and did not apply strictregulations there.

著者

小川 功

出版者

跡見学園女子大学

雑誌

跡見学園女子大学マネジメント学部紀要 (ISSN:13481118)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, pp.115-131, 2008-03

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筆者は近年は主に大正期に取付・破綻した銀行・企業群とその実権者のリスク選好の分析を進めつつあるが,今回はこれまであまり紹介されてこなかった佐賀貯蓄銀行が対象である.本稿は明治29年「佐賀財閥」の共同経営の庶民貯蓄機関として設立され,「葉隠武士」で名高い旧佐賀藩主・鍋島家元重臣の旧士族人脈で構成された佐賀貯蓄銀行のビジネス・モデルの変容を取り上げる.当初の「所謂士魂商才と云った様な型」の堅実なビジネス・モデルが,大正初期から次第に破綻に繋がるようなハイリスク・モデルに変容する契機を,主に田中猪作というハイリスク選好者としての「虚業家」との抜き難い因縁によって仮説的に説明しようという試論である.田中は政治家を志し,代議士に立候補する一方で,数多くの新設企業の創業に関わる職業的発起人であり,同行とは別に中央生命保険(別稿を予定)を自己の機関金融機関として収奪しようと乗取りを敢行した「山師」的人物と評されている.旧士族としての教養もあり,「佐賀財閥」の名流に連なる銀行幹部連が揃ってアウトサイダーに取り込まれ,虚偽の預金証書多数を乱発し同行を破綻に陥れる犯罪行為に何故に走ったのかが筆者の主たる関心事である.同時期の地方銀行の不祥事件として大相場師・石井定七に巨額の架空預金証書を提供した高知商業銀行が著名であるが,石井は過去に何度も同行を救済した大株主で重役は石井の無理な要求にも従わざるを得ない因縁にあった.しかし田中は佐賀貯蓄大株主でもなく,とりたてて深い義理も感じられない.「予審決定理由書」など参照し得た資料の限界から十分に実証するには至らないが,銀行幹部が大戦景気・大正バブルの中で「虚業家」の言葉巧みな甘言に煽られ,投機的利益を獲得すべく,新設企業群(結果として泡沫企業)への創業金融という一種の投資銀行的なハイリスク・モデルに自ら転換し,株式担保金融の占率を異常に高めていったのではないかとの現段階での仮説を紹介する.