著者

加藤 洋美 吉井 美智子 小澤 光一郎

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.127, no.12, pp.2035-2044, 2007-12-01 (Released:2007-12-01)

参考文献数

12

被引用文献数

13 9

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In the present study, we tested three kinds of sleeping drugs, consisting mainly of triazolam, brotizolam, and flunitrazepam, to compare the drug efficacy of generic drugs with that of original drugs. After these drugs were administered orally to mice, drug efficacy was evaluated in terms of ambulation, onset time of sleep, and duration of sleep in the open field test. For all kinds of sleep-inducing drugs, the drug efficacy of most generic drugs is not necessarily equal to that of the original drug. The main reason for the difference appears to be due to differences in the rate of absorption of the main drug. Any other differences between an original drug and a generic drug are caused by drug additives, the crystal form of the main drug, the formulation, and so on. In this study, the formulation was not the reason for the differences because all of the drugs were pulverized in a mortar and had no special coating. The drug additives for all the drugs are listed and the drug efficacy compared. Unfortunately, the information was not sufficient to shed any light on the differences in drug efficacy. For effective drug therapy, more information on drug additives should be provided.

著者

小澤 光

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬理学会

雑誌

日本薬理学雑誌 (ISSN:00155691)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.3-4, pp.172-177,en11, 1951-11-20 (Released:2011-09-07)

参考文献数

14

被引用文献数

3 4

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In order to determine the differences in effect of methyl and ethyl radicals in pharmacological actions, I compared compounds having one, two, or three methyl radicals with those in which the methyl radicals had been substituted with the ethyl radicals respectively and vice versa. Results : (1) For comparing the differences in effect of methyl and ethyl radicals in compounds having single methyl or ethyl radical, I have chosen meperidine hydrochloride (a), an analgesic, and a compound (b) which was obtained by substituting the methyl radical attached to nitrogen of the meperidine hydrochloride with an ethyl radical. No qualitative differences were observed. However, the action of (b) appeared to be slightly weaker than that of (a) as shown by LD50 in mice and the tests for analgesic action by the hot plate method and the respiratory depressant action in rabbit by the Wright's respiratory apparatus. (2) As an example of compounds having two methyl and ethyl radicals, the respiratory stimulants, coramine (nikethamide) (c) and cycliton (e) were compared with compounds derived from them by the substitution of the ethyl radicals by the methyl radicals respectively (d, f). Not only considerable quantitative differences were observed in LD50 in mice, minimal convulsive doses and, in respiratory stimulant action, but also qualitative differences were observed. Where as (c) and (e) had only stimulant action, (d) and (f) had depressast action in small dosage and stimulant action in large dosage. As a further example the sedatives, coumarine-3-carboxylic acid diethylamide (g) and its methyl substituted coumarine-3-carboxylic acid dimethylamide (h) were compared (h) was weaker in hypnotic action but was more toxic. Qualitative differences were also observed in the respiratory stimulant action and in the convulsive state. (3) As an example of three methyl and ethyl radicals, carbaminoyl choline chloride (i) was compared with a compound derived from it by the substitution of its three methyl radicals by three ethyl radicals (j). Althoush (i) exhibited series of actions observable when three parasympathetic nerve is stimulated. (j) had none of such actions. Also difference in LD50 in mice of (j) and (i) was very great, (j) being 200 times that of (i).

著者

橘田 重男 小澤 光美

出版者

信州豊南短期大学

雑誌

信州豊南短期大学紀要 (ISSN:1346034X)

巻号頁・発行日

no.31, pp.35-45, 2014-03

著者

小澤 光利

出版者

法政大学

雑誌

経済志林 (ISSN:00229741)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.70, no.1, pp.1-27, 2002-07-05

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"die Geschichte einer Wissenschaft die Wissenschaft selbet ist" Johann Wolfgang von Goethe - Although studies based on the thought of Marx have long comprised a significant aspect of Japanese social science research, the history of Marxist economic theories as such has rarely received attention from specialists in Japan, especially during the era since the collapse of the Soviet 'socialist' system. From this neglected field of the history of Marxist economic theories, we have attempted to single out and examine two opposing concepts from the 1920s. One of these is the theory of 'the general crisis of capitalism', while the other is the theory of long-waves. ln reality, each of these theories inevitably existed in plural versions. The split of the International into the Social Democratic and Communist factions after the First World War was expressed in divergent views within the Marxist camp regarding the stability and the fate of capitalism. For the Communist theorists, such as Varga and Bucharin, 'crisis' was not simply a normal cyclical economic phenomenon, for to them it indicated that capitalism was entering a long unstable final phase of breakdown. The thesis of 'the general crisis of capitalism' was given its final formulation in the theses of the Comintern (1928), whereupon it became the Comintern's view of the world. However, theconcepts of 'the general crisis' represent strategic political descriptions of the world capitalist situation of the l920s. In the mean time, yet other Marxists - de Wolff, for example - emphasized the significance of 'long-waves' of capitalist development.According to de Wolff, the notion originated with Parvus (1901) well before the First World War, and also in the same pre-war period, there were many forerunners of the theories of long-waves, including Gelderen, Tugan-Baranowsky, Aftalion, and Lenoir (1913). It is noteworthy that the significance of 'long-waves' was reassessed in the l920s in opposition to the Comintern's world-view. In addition, also in the l920s, the notion of long-waves further attracted the attention of Trotsky and Kondratiev, but from a different point of view. In either case, the theory of long-waves clearly appears as Marxist in origin; from the side of the Comintern, however, it was regarded as heresy. It is important toreconstruct these two opposing concepts as they were in the l920, as a contemporary crisis theory from the standpoint of historical stages of capitalist development and cyclical movement.