著者

小茂田 昌代

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.141, no.7, pp.887-909, 2021-07-01 (Released:2021-07-01)

参考文献数

33

被引用文献数

1

---

The difficult experience of treating scabies in an elderly hospital reaffirmed my determination and responsibilities as a pharmacist. In 2000, there was no effective treatment for scabies in Japan. With the Japan Pharmaceutical Association as well as the Japanese Dermatological Association, the indication of ivermectin which is the intestinal fecal nematode was expanded for scabies. Since it was found that the administration of ivermectin through a tube to patients who could not take it orally had a dose loss of 50% depending on the injection method, an appropriate administration method was proposed. However, the oral administration of ivermectin has side effects including systemic liver damage, and external preparations require labor for systemic application, and recurrence from unapplied areas is also a problem. Therefore, we devised a whole-body bathing, in which patients are immersed in a fluid that contains ivermectin. The repeated ivermectin bathing three times a week cured scabies and has no problematic side effects in the clinical trial, suggesting that this method is a safer treatment. Next, in Okinawa, phenothrin-resistant head lice infestation was prevalent, and no medical drug for this infestation is available in Japan yet. Hence, to address this situation, we conducted a clinical trial to investigate the efficacy and safety of a combination regimen of 5% topical phenothrin and the unapproved 0.5% topical ivermectin. Consequently, 92% and 100% effectiveness were obtained in Okinawa and Tsukuba, respectively. As a result, we were able to conduct research aimed to maximize the safety and effectiveness of ivermectin in Japan.

著者

鹿村 恵明 真野 泰成 小茂田 昌代 根岸 健一 佐藤 嗣道 宮崎 智

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.136, no.9, pp.1263-1273, 2016 (Released:2016-09-01)

参考文献数

21

被引用文献数

17 10

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This nationwide survey aimed to evaluate reduction of drug and medical costs due to prevention of serious adverse drug reactions through pharmaceutical inquires by community pharmacist, and investigate relation with iyaku bungyo (separation of dispensing from medical practice) rates. Using the national list of pharmacies, 10% of pharmacies were randomly selected by prefecture and asked to participate in an Internet-based survey. The survey period was 7 days, from July 21 to July 27, 2015. Of the 5575 pharmacies queried, 818 responded to the survey (response rate: 14.7%). The proportion of inquiries to total prescriptions was 2.6%. Among these, the proportion of prescriptions changed in response to inquiry was 74.9%. An estimated 103 million yen was saved by reducing drug costs, and 133 million yen was saved by reducing medical costs due to prevention of serious adverse drug reactions. Comparison of prescription change rates between pharmacies with high and low iyaku bungyo rates indicated that the proportion of prescriptions changed was significantly higher in pharmacies with high iyaku bungyo rates than in those with low iyaku bungyo rates (78.2% vs. 69.9%, p<0.01). The findings suggest that inquiries about prescriptions are useful in ensuring the safety of pharmacotherapy and reducing the cost of healthcare. They also suggest that iyaku bungyo promotes prescription changes through inquiries, leading to proper use of pharmaceutical products.

著者

佐藤 芳樹 菅谷 なえ子 中川 友夫 森田 昌敏

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.135, no.4, pp.631-642, 2015-04-01 (Released:2015-04-01)

参考文献数

41

被引用文献数

1 3

---

We established an analytical method for the detection of seven phthalates, dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate (DEP), benzyl butyl phthalate, di-i-butyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate (DBP), diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), and di-n-octhyl phthalate, using an ultra high performance liquid chromatograph equipped with a photodiode array detector. This method is quick, with minimal contamination, and was applied to the analysis of aromatic and deodorant aerosol products. Phthalates were detected in 15 of 52 samples purchased from 1999 to 2012 in Yokohama. Three types of phthalate (DEP, DBP, DEHP) were detected, and their concentrations ranged from 0.0085-0.23% DEP in nine samples, 0.012-0.045% DBP in four samples, and 0.012-0.033% DEHP in four samples. No other phthalate esters were detected. Furthermore, we estimated phthalate exposure via breathing in commonly used aromatic and deodorant aerosol products, then evaluated the associated risk. The estimated levels of phthalate exposure were lower than the tolerated daily limit, but the results indicated that aromatic and deodorant aerosol products could be a significant source of phthalate exposure.

著者

廣瀬 正幸 平川 昭彦 丹羽 若菜 東口 貴彦 田島 康介 加藤 貴大 山田 成樹

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.141, no.12, pp.1389-1392, 2021-12-01 (Released:2021-12-01)

参考文献数

13

被引用文献数

4

---

We discuss the current status of, and possible countermeasures for, acute drug poisoning among adolescents using OTC drugs. In the last 10 years, 36 patients aged <20 years who overdosed on OTC drugs were examined for the type of drug ingested, its active ingredients in cases of lethal dose intake, and the relevant place of purchase. Patients aged <20 years accounted for 30% of all the cases. The ingestion of multi-ingredient common-cold medication was the highest at 23%, and no ingestion of any first-class OTC drugs was observed. Caffeine accounted for 54% of the cases of lethal dose intake. At 80%, the most common method of drug purchase was from drugstores and other OTC vendors. In recent years, the number of adolescents patients who take lethal doses of OTC drugs has been increasing, and new measures are needed to avoid such cases. School pharmacists and vendors play a major role in reducing the incidences of drug poisoning. As drugs can be easily purchased over the counter, increasing the vendors' awareness of the problem throughout society may be the quickest way to reduce the incidences of acute drug poisoning among adolescents.

著者

瓦 比呂子 徳山 洋子 清水 義博

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.130, no.4, pp.577-581, 2010-04-01 (Released:2010-04-01)

参考文献数

5

被引用文献数

2 1

---

In January 2007, Daini Okamoto General Hospital introduced a new system in which pharmacists, together with physicians and nurses, address patients with cardiopulmonary arrest on arrival and inpatients with de novo cardiopulmonary arrest. Over the past 2 years since the introduction of the system, the role of pharmacists in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) at the hospital has become increasingly established. Pharmacists prepare drugs for CPR, measure intervals during drug administration, and check the heart rhythm, produce records, pass drugs to physicians and nurses, and serve as CPR staff. CPR involves a large number of processes, and requires rapid responses. The participation of pharmacists in time management and drug administration, playing specific roles, has promoted role-sharing among physicians, nurses, and pharmacists, as well as the establishment of a “resuscitation team” in the hospital. Emergency medicine is in a difficult situation. We believe that our efforts have helped pharmacists contribute to emergency care and provide high-quality CPR.

著者

徳田 栄一 Stefan L. Marklund 古川 良明

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.139, no.7, pp.1015-1019, 2019-07-01 (Released:2019-07-01)

参考文献数

16

被引用文献数

2 2

---

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a lethal neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by the loss of motor neurons, which results in progressive muscle atrophy. The pathology spreads from the initial site of onset to contiguous anatomic regions. Mutations in the gene encoding Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) have been identified in a dominantly inherited form of ALS (ALS-SOD1). A major hallmark of ALS-SOD1 is the abnormal accumulation of conformationally aberrant SOD1 protein (i.e., misfolded SOD1) within motor neurons. Emerging experimental evidence has suggested that misfolded proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases exhibit prion-like properties, i.e., misfolded proteins act as conformational templates that convert normal proteins into a pathogenic form. Possibly as a result of this prion-like self-propagation property, misfolded forms of pathological proteins are considered to accumulate in the central nervous system and cause neurodegeneration. In this article, we review recent evidence for the role of prion-like mechanisms in ALS-SOD1. In particular, we discuss the propensity of misfolded SOD1 to act as a pathological seed, spread between cells, and propagate neuroanatomically.

著者

眞部 遥香 野澤 茜 松元 美香 大谷 道輝

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.137, no.6, pp.763-766, 2017-06-01 (Released:2017-06-01)

参考文献数

16

被引用文献数

1

---

Steroid ointments are frequently mixed with moisturizer. It was reported that steroid ointments mixed with moisturizer increase permeability. There are only few studies done on the permeability of the moisturizer. We researched moisturizing effect of heparinoid ointment (Hirudoid Soft ointment) diluted with white petrolatum (Propeto) on the dry skin models by measuring water content of stratum. Two to four fold dilution of Hirudoid to white petrolatum resulted in a significant decrease in the moisturizing effect of the active ingredient. There was no significant difference in moisturizing effect between four times diluted mixture and white petrolatum alone. This leads to the conclusion that steroid ointment mixture with moisturizer is frequently used, but we should take more caution regarding the decrease of moisturizing effect.

著者

馬場 安里 伊藤 麻結 若林 和貴 矢野 瑞紀 高砂 美和子 岡田 直人 北原 隆志

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.143, no.12, pp.1069-1073, 2023-12-01 (Released:2023-12-01)

参考文献数

8

---

A consistent and uninterrupted supply of pharmaceuticals is essential for optimal pharmacotherapy. However, some cases of supply disruptions and recalls have been reported. In particular, the withdrawal of some drugs from the market was occurred in recent year. Nevertheless, the characteristics of these drugs were unknown. The aim of this study was to analyze the ratio of generic drugs and the profile of generic drugs that have been withdrawn from the market. Data were collected from a drug information database for the period between April 2017 and March 2022 and analyzed for characteristics, such as price, number of suppliers, and reasons for withdrawal. The results showed a 1.4-fold increase in the number of drugs discontinued in 2021 compared with that in 2017, with 78.6% of the drugs discontinued being generic drugs. The proportion of discontinued generic drugs costing less than 10 yen (29.2%) was higher than those remaining on the market (15.0%). Additionally, the proportion of withdrawn generic drugs sold by four or more suppliers (67.6%) was higher than those that remained in the market (38.4%). In most cases (78.8%), the reasons for the discontinuation of these generic drugs were not disclosed. This study showed that most drugs withdrawn in Japan during the study period were generic drugs, characterized by low prices or many suppliers. Our study contributes to the understanding of the instability in the pharmaceutical supply chain in Japan.

著者

手島 玲子

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.134, no.1, pp.33-38, 2014-01-01 (Released:2014-01-01)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

3 6

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In Japan, two patients who had been primary sensitized to hydrolyzed wheat protein (HWP) present in facial soap and subsequently experienced wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (WDEIA) after the ingestion of normal wheat products were reported in 2009 as first cases. Since that report, more than 1900 patients with such an allergy have been reported (through June 20, 2013) from various institutes all around Japan. Importantly, the majority of the patients used the same facial soap (Cha no Shizuku®) containing acid-hydrolyzed wheat protein (acid-HWP). The commercial acid-HWP contained in the facial soap (Glupearl 19S®, average molecular weight of 30-50 kDa) was produced from gluten after partial hydrolysis with hydrogen chloride at 95℃ for 40 minutes. In this presentation, I would like to summarize the mechanism of the induction of immediate hypersensitivity by HWP which has been reported by us and other European groups.

著者

吉村 勇哉 藤﨑 孝輔 山本 武範 篠原 康雄

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.137, no.5, pp.581-587, 2017-05-01 (Released:2017-05-01)

参考文献数

16

被引用文献数

3 7

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Magnesium oxide (MgO) tablets are widely used as laxatives in patients with constipation. Recently, the “Revision of Precautions on the Use of Magnesium Oxide” has been issued by the Japanese Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, warning against the risk of hypermagnesemia with the use of MgO. However, the majority of physicians continue to administer MgO for constipation without adequately considering its safe use. In the present study, we performed two analyses using an identical lot of MgO tablets and evaluated the risk of hypermagnesemia. Approximately 90% of the MgO tablets dissolved within 120 min in dissolution testing; it was believed to form an absorbable state for magnesium. With orally administered MgO, 15% is absorbed in the body and 85% is excreted via the feces without being detected in pharmacokinetic analysis. Magnesium absorbed into the plasma demonstrated peak concentration 3 h after administration and was excreted via the urine within 48 h.

著者

清水 太郎 異島 優 石田 竜弘

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.140, no.2, pp.163-169, 2020-02-01 (Released:2020-02-01)

参考文献数

27

被引用文献数

2 6

---

Modification of proteins with polyethylene glycol (PEG) (PEGylation) is a gold standard technique that improves the solubility, pharmacokinetics, and immunogenicity of modified proteins. To date more than 10 PEGylated protein formulations have been approved, and more than 20 PEGylated drugs are entering clinical trials. PEG has been considered non-immunogenic and non-toxic, but several studies have shown that PEG acquires immunogenicity following attachment to nanoparticles. The administration of PEGylated liposomes, micelles and proteins induces the production of antibodies against PEG (anti-PEG antibodies) in animals and human subjects. Indeed, approximately 20% of healthy human subjects possess pre-existing anti-PEG antibodies prior to treatment with PEGylated therapeutics. The induced and pre-existing anti-PEG antibodies cause not only the elimination of PEGylated proteins from blood circulation, but also allergic responses via the release of anaphylatoxins. Consequently, therapeutic outcomes for PEGylated proteins are impaired. The utility of PEGylated proteins could be improved by attenuating the PEG-related immune response. On the other hand, anti-PEG immune responses might be exploited for vaccine applications. Our recent studies demonstrated that anti-PEG antibodies mediate the delivery of antigens encapsulated in PEGylated liposomes, and enhance antigen-specific immune responses. In this review, we summarize anti-PEG antibody induction by PEGylated proteins and alterations in anti-PEG IgM-mediated pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. These findings extend our knowledge of PEG-related immune responses.

著者

水川 葉月 池中 良徳 筧 麻友 中山 翔太 石塚 真由美

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.137, no.3, pp.257-263, 2017 (Released:2017-03-01)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

3

---

The ability to metabolize xenobiotics in organisms has a wide degree of variation among organisms. This is caused by differences in the pattern of xenobiotic bioaccumulation among organisms, which affects their tolerance. It has been reported in the veterinary field that glucuronidation (UGT) activity in cats, acetylation activity in dogs and sulfation (SULT) activity in pigs are sub-vital in these species, respectively, and require close attention when prescribing the medicine. On the other hand, information about species differences in xenobiotics metabolism remains insufficient, especially in non-experimental animals. In the present study, we tried to elucidate xenobiotic metabolism ability, especially in phase II UGT conjugation of various non-experimental animals, by using newly constructed in vivo, in vitro and genomic techniques. The results indicated that marine mammals (Steller sea lion, northern fur seal, and Caspian seal) showed UGT activity as low as that in cats, which was significantly lower than in rats and dogs. Furthermore, UGT1A6 pseudogenes were found in the Steller sea lion and Northern fur seal; all Otariidae species are thought to have the UGT1A6 pseudogene as well. Environmental pollutants and drugs conjugated by UGT are increasing dramatically in the modern world, and their dispersal into the environment can be of great consequence to Carnivora species, whose low xenobiotic glucuronidation capacity makes them highly sensitive to these compounds.

著者

田村 恵理 岸本 桂子 福島 紀子

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.133, no.6, pp.737-745, 2013 (Released:2013-06-01)

参考文献数

16

被引用文献数

2 5 1

---

This study sought to determine the effect of pharmacists wearing a mask on the consultation intention of patients who do not have a trusting relationship with the pharmacists. We conducted a questionnaire survey of customers at a Tokyo drugstore in August 2012. Subjects answered a questionnaire after watching two medical teaching videos, one in which the pharmacist was wearing a mask and the other in which the pharmacist was not wearing a mask. Data analysis was performed using a paired t-test and multiple logistic regression. The paired t-test revealed a significant difference in ‘Maintenance Problem’ between the two pharmacist situations. After excluding factors not associated with wearing a mask, multiple logistic regression analysis identified three independent variables with a significant effect on participants not wanting to consult with a pharmacist wearing a mask. Positive factors were ‘active-inactive’ and ‘frequency mask use’, a negative factor was ‘age’. Our study has shown that pharmacists wearing a mask may be a factor that prevents patients from consulting with pharmacist. Those patients whose intention to consult might be affected by the pharmacists wearing a mask tended to be younger, to have no habit of wearing masks preventively themselves, and to form a negative opinion of such pharmacists. Therefore, it was estimated that pharmacists who wear masks need to provide medical education by asking questions more positively than when they do not wear a mask in order to prevent the patient worrying about oneself.

著者

林 剛 舘 知也 髙岡 みらい 野口 義紘 寺町 ひとみ

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.140, no.9, pp.1151-1164, 2020-09-01 (Released:2020-09-01)

参考文献数

13

被引用文献数

2

---

Pharmacists working in collaboration with doctors are mainly involved in proposals and inquiries of prescription. At such times, belief conflicts are expected to deteriorate teamwork and induce stress. However, there is no strong evidence for this. To clarify factors resulting in belief conflicts, we conducted a survey among 594 pharmacists working at medical institutions in Gifu City and belonging to Gifu Pharmaceutical Association or Gifu Prefectural Society of Hospital Pharmacists between January 2019 and April 2019. The items of the survey were gender, place of employment, pharmacist working experience (years), awareness of “professional competencies for pharmacists” stated in Model Core Curriculum for Pharmacy Education —2015 version—, whether each item of “professional competencies for pharmacists” is applicable to himself/herself or not, whether teamwork deteriorates and stress occurs due to proposals and inquiries of prescription or not, and Assessment of Belief Conflict in Relationship-14 (ABCR-14). The recovery rate of the questionnaire was 50.3% and the valid response rate was 77.6%. Multiple logistic regression and Bayesian network analyses revealed that “I can empathize with a patient's feelings and emotions, but I experience difficulty with unfair criticism” commonly resulted in teamwork deterioration due to proposals of prescription. “Pharmacist working experience years (more than 10 years)” and “The other staff make unreasonable demands of me in the work” commonly resulted in stress. Thus, belief conflicts in therapeutic relationships result in teamwork deterioration and stress in prescription proposals.

著者

富田 隆 幸田 幸直 工藤 賢三

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.138, no.3, pp.353-356, 2018-03-01 (Released:2018-03-01)

参考文献数

5

被引用文献数

1 4

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For patients with dysphagia in medical facilities and nursing homes, food thickeners are routinely used to aid the ingestion of medicines such as tablets. However, some types of thickeners affect the disintegration and dissolution of tablets, such as rapidly-disintegrating magnesium oxide tablets and donepezil hydrochloride orally disintegrating tablets. Additionally, delayed disintegration and dissolution of tablets affect a drug's efficacy. As an example, with Voglibose orally disintegrating tablets, marked differences are observed in changes in glucose levels during glucose tolerance testing. When using food thickeners to aid tablet ingestion, it is therefore necessary to select a product that has little effect on drug disintegration, dissolution, and activity.

著者

岸本 桂子 羽坂 亜希子 山浦 克典 福島 紀子

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.136, no.10, pp.1401-1413, 2016-10-01 (Released:2016-10-01)

参考文献数

40

被引用文献数

3

---

Pharmacy is required to shift toward human service such as hearing the complaints of health. But the study about help-seeking behavior to pharmacist is not really investigated. We hypothesized that a decrease in expression visibility, due to pharmacists' typical masks, may negatively impact help-seeker' trust in pharmacist. The sample included 100 drugstore customers aged ≥18 years. Participants were stratified by gender and randomly assigned to two groups: evaluation of clear-masked and normal-masked pharmacists. After viewing a video with either male or female pharmacists wearing either clear or normal masks, participants completed a questionnaire. The primary outcome was trust in pharmacist measured by the Trust Scale and the secondary outcome was impression of the pharmacist measured by nineteen pairs of adjectives. There were no differences by gender on trust scores. Results revealed that both male and female pharmacists who wore clear masks were rated as more trustworthy than normal-masked pharmacists (p<0.001, d=0.903, and p=0.001, d=0.716, respectively). Sixteen of nineteen adjectives reported for pharmacists wearing normal masks indicated greater negative intention than those with clear masks (d=0.431-1.469). In most cases, among pharmacists wearing clear masks, results showed positive correlations between trust and each impression adjective (r=0.279-0.710). Our findings indicate that pharmacists wearing normal masks, which partially hide facial expressions, may decrease customer's trust in pharmacist. Further, normal masks were associated with negative impression. To avoid the inhibition of help-seek behavior, we recommend that pharmacists wear a clear mask and increase non-verbal communication.

著者

竹田 修三

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.133, no.10, pp.1093-1101, 2013-10-01 (Released:2013-10-01)

参考文献数

34

被引用文献数

10 10

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Considerable attention has focused on cannabidiol (CBD), a major non-psychotropic constituent of fiber-type cannabis plant, and it has been reported to possess diverse biological activities. Although CBD is obtained from non-enzymatic decarboxylation of its parent molecule, cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), several studies have investigated whether CBDA itself is biologically active. In the present report, the author summarizes findings indicating that; 1) CBDA is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, and ii) CBDA possesses an anti-migrative potential for highly invasive cancer cells, apparently through a mechanism involving inhibition of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A, coupled with an activation of the small GTPase, RhoA. Further, the author introduces recent findings on the medicinal chemistry and pharmacology of the CBD derivative, CBD-2′,6′-dimethyl ether (CBDD), that exhibits inhibitory activity toward 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX), an enzyme responsible for the production of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL). These studies establish CBD as both an important experimental tool and as a lead compound for pharmaceutical development. In this review, the author further discusses the potential uses of CBD and its derivatives in future medicines.

著者

須藤 鎮世

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.135, no.11, pp.1197-1211, 2015-11-01 (Released:2015-11-01)

参考文献数

53

被引用文献数

5 7

---

The linear no-threshold model (LNT) was recommended in 1956, with abandonment of the traditional threshold dose-response for genetic risk assessment. Adoption of LNT by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) became the standard for radiation regulation worldwide. The ICRP recommends a dose limit of 1 mSv/year for the public, which is too low and which terrorizes innocent people. Indeed, LNT arose mainly from the lifespan survivor study (LSS) of atomic bomb survivors. The LSS, which asserts linear dose-response and no threshold, is challenged mainly on three points. 1) Radiation doses were underestimated by half because of disregard for major residual radiation, resulting in cancer risk overestimation. 2) The dose and dose-rate effectiveness factor (DDREF) of 2 is used, but the actual DDREF is estimated as 16, resulting in cancer risk overestimation by several times. 3) Adaptive response (hormesis) is observed in leukemia and solid cancer cases, consistently contradicting the linearity of LNT. Drastic reduction of cancer risk moves the dose-response curve close to the control line, allowing the setting of a threshold. Living organisms have been evolving for 3.8 billion years under radiation exposure, naturally acquiring various defense mechanisms such as DNA repair mechanisms, apoptosis, and immune response. The failure of LNT lies in the neglect of carcinogenesis and these biological mechanisms. Obstinate application of LNT continues to cause tremendous human, social, and economic losses. The 60-year-old LNT must be rejected to establish a new scientific knowledge-based system.

著者

森野 博文 小泉 朋子 三浦 孝典 福田 俊昭 柴田 高

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.133, no.9, pp.1017-1022, 2013-09-01 (Released:2013-09-01)

参考文献数

16

被引用文献数

2 1

---

Noroviruses are one of the most important causes of acute gastroenteritis throughout the world. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of a chlorine dioxide gas-generating gel (ClO2 gel, 60 g) against feline calicivirus (FCV), a norovirus surrogate, in the wet state on glass dishes in a test sink (43 cm long, 75 cm wide, and 29 cm deep). The ClO2 gel permits sustained release of gaseous ClO2 (1.7 mg/h at 25°C), and was placed in one corner of the test sink. The glass dishes containing FCV suspension were placed at three positions in the test sink. We demonstrated that FCV was inactivated within 5h (>2 or >3 log10 reductions at three positions, n=20) in the test sink where the ClO2 gel was placed. These small quantities of ClO2 gel might be a useful tool for reducing the risk of infection by norovirus in wet environments such as kitchens and bathrooms under optimal condition.

著者

奥山 治美

出版者

公益社団法人 日本薬学会

雑誌

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (ISSN:00316903)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.125, no.11, pp.833-852, 2005-11-01 (Released:2005-11-01)

参考文献数

59

被引用文献数

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The cholesterol hypothesis implies that reducing the intake of saturated fatty acids and cholesterol and increasing that of polyunsaturated fatty acid are effective in lowering serum total cholesterol (TC), and thereby reducing the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD). However, these dietary recommendations are essentially ineffective in reducing TC in the long run, but rather increase mortalitiy rates from CHD and all causes. The reported “apparent relative risk of high TC in CHD mortality” (the ratio of mortality at the highest/lowest TC levels) varied several-fold among populations studied. The incidence of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) in a population was proposed to be a critical factor in the observed variability, which could be accounted for by assuming that 1) the high CHD mortality rate in high-TC groups is mainly a reflection of the incidence and severity of FH, and 2) high TC is not a causative factor of CHD in non-FH cases. This interpretation is supported by recent observations that high TC is not positively associated with high CHD mortality rates among general populations more than 40—50 years of age. More importantly, higher TC values are associated with lower cancer and all-cause mortality rates among these populations, in which relative proportions of FH are likely to be low (circa 0.2%). Although the effectiveness of statins in preventing CHD has been accepted in Western countries, little benefit seems to resulf from efforts to limit dietary cholesterol intake or to TC values to less than approximately 260 mg/dl among the general population and the elderly. Instead, an unbalanced intake of ω6 over ω3 polyunsaturated fats favors the production of eicosanoids, the actions of which lead to the production of inflammatory and thrombotic lipid mediators and altered cellular signaling and gene expression, which are major risk factors for CHD, cancers, and shorter longevity. Based on the data reviewed here, it is urgent to change the direction of current cholesterol-related medication for the prevention of CHD, cancer, and all-cause mortality.