著者

田中 吉史 松本 彩季

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.1, pp.130-151, 2013-03-01 (Released:2014-11-20)

参考文献数

33

被引用文献数

2

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It is known that naïve viewers have “reality constraints” in art appreciation, namely strong tendency to insist on identifying depicted object and its realistic expression in the artwork. Relaxing the reality constraints might help the naïve viewer to appreciate artworks in more creative way. In this paper we investigated whether reading com-mentary on artwork helps appreciation and what kind of commentary is more effective. Fifty college students without particular art education participated in an experiment. The participants were assigned to one of four conditions. The experiment consisted of two phases: preliminary appreciation phase and main appreciation phase. In the pre-liminary appreciation phase, three groups of participants were presented paintings by Renoir, Matisse and Klee, and made free descriptions on their thoughts on each paint-ing. Along with each of painting, a commentary on objects depicted in the painting was provided to participants in object commentary condition, a commentary on formal and technical aspects of the painting was provided to formal commentary condition, and no commentary was provided no commentary condition. No preliminary appreciation condition skipped the preliminary appreciation phase. After the preliminary apprecia-tion phase, all the participants were presented two paintings by Gogh and Kandinsky without any commentary and made free description. Analysis of free description in main appreciation phase showed that (1) reading commentary activated verbalization during the appreciation, (2) the participants generally focused on what was depicted in the painting, (3) reading commentary on technical aspects was more effective for relaxing reality constraints and deepening the experience of paintings.

著者

田中 吉史 山住 賢司 大山 正 市原 茂

出版者

日本官能評価学会

雑誌

日本官能評価学会誌 (ISSN:1342906X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.1-2, pp.24-29, 2007-04-15 (Released:2012-12-28)

参考文献数

9

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A test pattern consisting of 1 to 15 dots was presented for 50 ms on a computer screen. Each of fifteen college students was asked to report orally the number of dots displayed as quickly as possible. In the experimental condition, the subject was presented short sentences successively via headset during the dot-counting task. Half of the experimental subjects judged the gender of the voice reading each sentence, and the other half judged truth of the sentence. In the control condition, the subject conducted only the dot-counting task. The results showed that the span of attention (the upper limit for 50% correct numerosity judgment) was not influenced by the concurrent task, but the reaction time to dot-counting under the concurrent task was longer than that under the control condition.

著者

田中 吉史

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.1, pp.26-49, 2018-03-01 (Released:2018-09-01)

参考文献数

34

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Beginners of art appreciation generally have “reality constraints” in that they show a strong tendency to insist on identifying depicted objects and their realistic expression in artwork. We examined the effect of reading commentaries on artwork on the relaxation of reality constraints and the time taken by appreciators to respond to paintings. In the first session of the experiment, 24 pairs of participants appreciated one of two paintings:either one by van Gogh (“Terrasse du caf´e le soir”) or one by Sisley (“Landscape in summer”). In the second session, the participants appreciated two paintings, by Renoir and Matisse, with the help of any of the following three methods: reading commentaries on the objects depicted in each painting, reading commentaries on the formal aspects of the paintings, and reading no commentary. In the third session, the participants viewed a painting (either van Gogh’s or Sisley’s) that they had not viewed in the first session. In each session, the participants freely talked to one another while viewing the painting for 5 minutes. The verbal protocols and gestures, such as pointing to objects in the painting, in the first and the third sessions were analyzed. In the case of the van Gogh painting, the participants generally tended to focus on the salient objects in the painting in the early stage of appreciation and to gradually shift their attention to more peripheral objects. The participants shown the formal commentary tended to focus on formal aspects of the painting, especially on the exaggerated perspective integrating the objects. On the contrary, in the case of the Sisley painting, the participants showed a strong tendency to insist on identifying the depicted objects. The characteristics of the paintings and the effects of the commentaries are discussed.

著者

田中 吉史

出版者

日本認知心理学会

巻号頁・発行日

pp.198, 2006 (Released:2011-03-25)

著者

中村 純生 松石 正克 竹俣 一也 田中 吉史

出版者

公益社団法人 日本工学教育協会

雑誌

工学・工業教育研究講演会講演論文集

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2009, pp.558-559, 2009

著者

田中 吉史

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.2, pp.206-216, 2007 (Released:2009-03-06)

参考文献数

10

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We investigated the effect of existing words on the generation of non-words. Native Japanese speaking college students (n = 103) generated 2702 non-words consisting of two to ten Hiragana letters during five minutes. The generated non-words resembled existing, familiar, Japanese words in terms of letter frequencies and of bigrams (two adjacent letters in a word). The non-words were also constrained by a phonological rule (*DD-constraint; Ito & Mester, 1996) of the Japanese lexicon, which implies that the non-words were related to existing words. and could be included in the extreme periphery of the Japanese lexicon. Further analysis indicated that the selection of letters in the generated non-words was biased. The participants tended to repeatedly use the same letters, and moreover, frequencies of letters in non-words were more redundant than those in existing words and random combination of letters. These results suggest that the generated non-words were influenced by existing words, but also constrained by characteristics of the process of retrieving letters from memory.