著者

若森 みどり ワカモ リミドリ Midori Wakamori

雑誌

立教經濟學研究

巻号頁・発行日

vol.70, no.3, pp.25-51, 2017-01

著者

若森 みどり

出版者

経済理論学会

雑誌

季刊経済理論 (ISSN:18825184)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.3, pp.41-52, 2013-10-20 (Released:2017-04-25)

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In The Great Transformation, of which first-edition was published in the same year as Hayek's The Road to Serfdom (1944), Polanyi's opposition to neoliberal credo comes from his interpretation of the history of industrial society in the nineteenth and early twentieth century, when there occurred great crises and upheaval of market society; the Great Recession, unemployment problems in labor market, instabilities of financial market, crisis of democracy, economic nationalism, fascism, and great wars. This paper deals with controversial points between Polanyi's arguments and neoliberal projects from the view point of 21th century. Neoliberal credo is a term connected with an intellectual movement and new belief or ideology originating in the late 1930s that should be distinguished from the original laissez-faire liberalism. The former was born from the reflections of the dead lock of the latter. Unlike the latter, the former requires a strong state authority that has the capacity to resist "spontaneous" social protection movements in the product, labor, and financial markets. And therefore it can become openly anti-democratic in its defense and implementation of the will of the market. In other words, neoliberal credo orientates various projects of "planning for competitive market system" for creating an environment in which private interests can flourish. Neoliberal credo came to be associated mainly with the ideas of Walter Lippman, and such Austrian economists as Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek. It grew in oppositions not only to socialism but to the spirits of New Deal and political thinking or public opinions of Welfare States, and spread to the Unites States in the early postwar years. Hereafter 1950s it founds fertile ground initially at the University of Chicago, with Milton Freedman and his associates. The obvious consequences of neoliberal policies since 1970s are the increasing market instabilities reminiscent of the 1930s, as well as a growing loss of democratic control. According to Polanyi, completely unfettered markets lacking social control were destructive for the livelihood of common people and eventually generated social reactions that sought to intervene in market system more securely in the societal space. Polanyi'thesis is that neoliberal projects would be eventually never-ending and failed incomplete with social destructions. Also Polanyi paid strong attention to the survival of neoliberal credo in its deadlock. Without a deep understanding and analysis of neoliberal projects, as Polanyi did in his time, we cannot get over the wall.

著者

若森 みどり

出版者

関西大学経済学会

雑誌

関西大学経済論集 (ISSN:04497554)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.4, pp.321-337, 2022-03-10

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植村邦彦先生退職記念号

著者

若森 みどり

出版者

社会政策学会

雑誌

社会政策 (ISSN:18831850)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, no.3, pp.29-45, 2015-03-30

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20世紀の危機の時代を生きた経済学者,ポランニー,ケインズ,ペヴァリッジ,ラーナー,ミーゼス,ノイラート,ハイエク,ロビンズらにとって,大恐慌やファシズムや世界戦争といった自由主義の危機と資本主義システムの持つ悪弊(通貨の不安定化,緊縮財政,増大する格差,大量失業,不安定な就労形態)の諸問題に正面から向き合う課題は,共通していた。これらの点を踏まえて本稿では,20世紀が経験した平和と自由と民主主義の危機の解釈をめぐって争点となる,ポランニーの「社会的保護」の考え方を明らかにする。そして,市場社会における制約された社会的保護とその可能性に照明を当てることによって,二重運動の思想的次元を問う。最後に1920年代の社会民主党市政下のウィーンに思想的起源があるポランニーの「社会的自由」の概念に立ち返りつつ,『大転換』最終章「複雑な社会における自由」の諸論点を検討し,「福祉国家と自由」の問題圏を考察する。

著者

若森 みどり

出版者

経済学史学会

雑誌

経済学史研究 (ISSN:18803164)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.1, pp.179-188, 2018 (Released:2019-09-03)

著者

若森 みどり

出版者

経済学史学会

雑誌

経済学史研究 (ISSN:18803164)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.54, no.2, pp.83-85, 2013 (Released:2019-10-31)

著者

若森 みどり

出版者

経済学史学会

雑誌

経済学史研究 (ISSN:18803164)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.2, pp.33-50, 2009 (Released:2019-08-08)

参考文献数

50

著者

若森 みどり

出版者

The Japanese Society for the History of Economic Thought

雑誌

経済学史学会年報 (ISSN:04534786)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, no.44, pp.45-58, 2003 (Released:2010-08-05)

参考文献数

18

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Henry Clay [1883-1954] was known as a strong advocate of “rationalisation” in the decade of the 1920s. In 1933 he was appointed to an economic adviser of Montague Norman who was the governor of the Bank of England. The purpose of this paper is to examine Clay's ideas regarding the industry, economic organisation, and co-operation that evolved in the period from 1916 to 1929.Clay lectured on economics for the Worker's Educational Association between 1909 and 1917, and published a book entitled Economics: an Introduction for the General Reader [1916]. Clay's intention was to explain the social arrangements which make the business transaction “possible.” For Clay, economics should be the study of business in its social aspect; it is the object of economics to explain such arrangements in detail and to show how the system works, and economists should study what points of contact the economic order has with the political order, and how far the economic order harmonies with the moral order. Criticizing “a survival from the period of orthodox laissez faire, ” Clay suggested that the object of economics was not the advocacy of the present economic system. Focusing on specialisation and the production system's dependence on anticipated demand, Clay treated difficulties such as severe fluctuations, over-production, and the unemployment that accompanied them as “imperfections of co-operation.” Clay closely evaluated the social role of businessmen in organizing and co-ordinating industry both efficiently and morally, because they prevented those difficulties. In addition, Clay insisted that the economic organisation in the past had been moralized by the action of the State quite as much as through the economic actions of individuals; a few examples would be the reform of the early factories, the abolition of infant labour in mines, the regulation of dangerous trades, and the prevention of deleterious adulteration, all of which had needed the intervention of the State.After the First World War, the economic conditions and circumstances dramatically changed. Clay came to consider that the most urgent problem was how to reconstruct the British industry. Immediately following the war, Clay insisted on the need for the imperative leadership of government to reset an industrial order for peace (Clay 1918). However, the government did not take such measures. So Clay blamed the difficulties of the post-war unemployment problem and those of depressed industries on the mismanagement of the government including the return to the gold standard (Clay 1929a, 1929b). The greater comparative depression of the export industries was one of the most striking features of the post-war period. In late 1920s, Clay suggested “rationalisation”: the regeneration of private enterprise or the amalgamation of small businesses by banks. Clay regarded the banks to have the ability to reorganize finance and give strategic knowledge to firms, both of which were necessary for efficient management.

著者

若森 みどり

出版者

The Japanese Society for the History of Economic Thought

雑誌

経済学史学会年報 (ISSN:04534786)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.39, pp.146-158, 2001 (Released:2010-08-05)

参考文献数

26

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As did his many contemporary thinkers Karl Polanyi (1886-1964), in the last chapter of his The Great Transformation under the title of “Freedom in a Complex Society, ” dealt with the problem of freedom. In the keen distinction from the ordinal interpretation that the tendency “from laissez-faire to state intervention” or “from individualism to collectivism” directly led to Fascism, Polanyi described the institutional or historical origins of that crisis in the light of his “double movement” interpretation of the nineteenth century industrial society.According to him, the problem of freedom in his time arose on two levels: the institutional and the moral or religious. How is the “free society” reorganized? On the institutional level, Polanyi suggested that the improvement of industrial conditions and employment through the support of planning and control were important. On the moral and religious level, a new view of freedom was needed. It was in this regard that Polanyi respected Robert Owen, because Owen not only rejected the identification of freedom with the mere liberation of profit motives or with “individualization”, but favored the reconstruction of humanity and freedom in the form of “society as a whole”.

著者

若森 みどり

出版者

社会政策学会

雑誌

社会政策 (ISSN:18831850)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, no.3, pp.29-45, 2015-03-30 (Released:2018-02-01)

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20世紀の危機の時代を生きた経済学者,ポランニー,ケインズ,ペヴァリッジ,ラーナー,ミーゼス,ノイラート,ハイエク,ロビンズらにとって,大恐慌やファシズムや世界戦争といった自由主義の危機と資本主義システムの持つ悪弊(通貨の不安定化,緊縮財政,増大する格差,大量失業,不安定な就労形態)の諸問題に正面から向き合う課題は,共通していた。これらの点を踏まえて本稿では,20世紀が経験した平和と自由と民主主義の危機の解釈をめぐって争点となる,ポランニーの「社会的保護」の考え方を明らかにする。そして,市場社会における制約された社会的保護とその可能性に照明を当てることによって,二重運動の思想的次元を問う。最後に1920年代の社会民主党市政下のウィーンに思想的起源があるポランニーの「社会的自由」の概念に立ち返りつつ,『大転換』最終章「複雑な社会における自由」の諸論点を検討し,「福祉国家と自由」の問題圏を考察する。