著者

金 凡性

出版者

教育史学会

雑誌

日本の教育史学 (ISSN:03868982)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, pp.76-79, 2018 (Released:2019-04-01)

著者

橋本 毅彦 岡本 拓司 廣野 喜幸 鈴木 淳 梶 雅範 鈴木 晃仁 柿原 泰 金 凡性 石原 孝二

出版者

東京大学

雑誌

基盤研究(A)

巻号頁・発行日

2012-04-01

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事故や災害の発生を防止したり緩和したりするために、様々な安全基準や規約が設けられている。本研究では、そのような各種の事故災害への対応と基準規約の制定に関して、航空・電力・防火・治水・保険・化学・医薬・医療などの工業医療分野において取り上げ、その歴史的過程を分析しようとした。産業社会を支えるそのような巨大な技術システムの基準・規約の全体を取り上げることはできないが、その顕著な側面やよく知られていないが重要な事例などを明らかにした。

著者

金 凡性

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.225, pp.11-19, 2003 (Released:2021-08-13)

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This paper investigates a feature of early modern Japanese seismology from the viewpoint of what I call "meteorological seismology." Fusakichi Omori (1868-1923) is one of the founders of Japanese modern seismology. The seismological research of his period has been described by scholars such as Yoichiro Fujii(1967) and Takahiro Hagiwara (1982) as "statistical seismology." In this paper, I would like to focus on the meteorological studies of earthquakes from the late 19^ <th> century to the interwar period, which are not well known. Hoping to contribute to the question of "when do the earthquakes break out," Omori, with some knowledge in meteorology, analyzed the relationship between earthquakes and meteorological phenomena, using atmospheric pressure in particular. His "meteorological approach" had its origin in his instructors' era since they regarded meteorology as their model in both disciplinary aim and methodology. Some of Omori's colleagues followed his tactics seriously even after the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923, although it is said that after this earthquake there was a methodological turn to basic (geo) physics. I argue that the desire to predict when the earthquakes occur manifested itself in "meteorological seismology" and would like to shed some light on the environment in which this research program subsequently evolved.

著者

金 凡性

出版者

科学社会学会

雑誌

年報 科学・技術・社会 (ISSN:09199942)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, pp.71-90, 2006-06-30 (Released:2022-09-10)

著者

金 凡性

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.261, pp.1-9, 2012 (Released:2021-07-20)

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This paper depicts the historical evolution of ultraviolet devices in Japan during the interwar period. The outbreak of the First World War spurred the development of the glass industry in Japan, being triggered by the military demand on optical instruments in particular. Meanwhile, physicists needed special glass which could cut off ultraviolet radiation to protect the eyes during spectroscopic experiments. Furthermore, as the effects of the invisible rays on human health came to intrigue the medical and lay audience introduced by the works of Niels Ryberg Finsen, artificial sun lamps for actinotherapy were devised, fn Japan, Tokyo Electric (a forerunner of Toshiba) together with the physicist, Nagaoka Hantaro, promoted the development of anti-ultraviolet glass. A national institute based in Osaka chased the project. Eventually, with the advent of knowledge regarding the glass which was practically transparent to ultraviolet rays, the electric company launched a commodity for lay consumers in 1930. The electric device manufacturer produced ultraviolet radiators as a "load builder," during the times when the supply of electricity in Japan exceeded its demand. Ultraviolet radiators, used as tools for hygiene and public welfare as well as for medical treatment, thus trickled onto Japanese soil by the next World War.

著者

金 凡性

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, no.232, pp.211-220, 2004 (Released:2021-08-12)

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In this paper, I describe the process through which Japanese seismology tried to contribute to the development of a new technology, seismic exploration, in the interwar period. Even though the former authority enjoyed by Japanese seismology had been in decline since the early 1920s, the skill of the scientists who had devised seismographs and analyzed seismograms could be applied to the new technology. Seismic exploration, i. e., prospecting for oil using artificial seismic waves, was welcomed as a new way of contributing to Japan's quest for petroleum. On the other hand, some civil engineers who worked for the National Railway adapted this new promising technology for their own purpose, which further disseminated the application of the earthquake science. Because of the cooperation of scientists and engineers, seismic exploration in Japan developed, by the mid 1930s, to the extent that it was recognized as a military science. However, the conflict as to the purpose, leadership, and identity of seismic exploration had been born in the process, which disturbed the unification of the practitioners.