著者
関口 晃
出版者
公益社団法人 計測自動制御学会
雑誌
計測 (ISSN:04500024)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.8, no.10, pp.616-621, 1958-10-01 (Released:2010-01-21)
参考文献数
8

To investigate into the errors caused in setting an index by an interpolation at a certain position between 1mm graduations with an accuracy of 1/10mm, results of the calculations performed by 40 persons with slide rules were examined. In these tests, each person was requested to repeat five times a round of calculations-1/(55.0)10, 1/(55.1)10, 2/(55.2)10, ……and 1/(56.0)10. The errors caused in setting an index at each position could be estimated from the difference between the values obtained by the above method and true values. As a result of statistical treatment by means of one-way layout in analysis of the variance, it was found that the error can satisfactorily be represented in such 3 items as mean value and variance of personal biases and variance of accidental error. Obtained results are as follows: 1) Biases set at the middle position of the graduation interval and on the graduation are much smaller than those at other positions. 2) Mean values of personal biases set at various positions are symmetrically distributed to the middle position of the graduation interval and there is a tendency to set the cursor line near to the middle position. 3) Variances of personal biases set at various positions are symmetrically distributed to the middle position and are particularly large at 1/10, 2/10, 3/10, 7/10, 8/10 and 9/10 positions. 4) Accuracy in setting biases at the middle position is almost same as that on the graduation. 5) Due to the effect of training, time required for calculation gradually decreases until about 200-time operations (e.g. 1/55.1).
著者
杉田 博昭 関口 晃一 宍倉 文夫 山道 祥郎
出版者
日本動物分類学会
雑誌
動物分類学会誌 (ISSN:02870223)
巻号頁・発行日
no.22, pp.1-6, 1982-05-25

The four extant horseshoe crabs are morphologically so similar to fossil specimens of the genus Mesolimulus that one has referred to them as "living fossils". The recent horseshoe crabs are assigned to two subfamilies, that is, Limulinae and Tachypleinae. The Limulinae includes only one American species, Limulus polyphemus and the Tachypleinae includes three Asian species, Tachypleus tridentatus, T. gigas and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda. The hybridization experiments revealed that the fertilization could not be accomplished between Limulus and Asian species gametes, while three Asian horseshoe crabs were cross-fertilizable one another. Developmental capacity of hybridized eggs among the three Asian species was not equivalent, suggesting that one had rather not assign three Asian horseshoe crabs to such two diverse genera as Tachypleus and Carcinoscorpius in the current taxonomy. These results are in concord with the idea that American and Asian horseshoe crabs diverged from a common European ancestor (or separate ancestral species) and that the three extant Asian horseshoe crabs diverged from a common Asian ancestor.