著者

SunYoun Lee Takahiro Ito Kohei Kubota Fumio Ohtake

出版者

Association of Behavioral Economics and Finance

雑誌

行動経済学 (ISSN:21853568)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.Special_issue, pp.S22-S26, 2018 (Released:2019-04-10)

参考文献数

17

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This paper estimates the effects of childhood experiences of wearing school uniforms at a public elementary school for 6 years on behavioral traits in adulthood. The school uniform experience can be endogenous if preferences and characteristics of the school and parents are involved in the decision of schools to implement school uniforms. To examine the effect of school uniforms, we exploit the exogenous variation in the expansion of the apparel industry across regions which the Japanese government used as a catalyst in stimulating the economy and the regional variations in prefectural governors’ initiatives for enhancing regional profitability, both of which are found to affect the adoption of school uniform policies. We first find that the childhood experience affects the formulation and development of an individual’s personality traits that are characterized by self-esteem and self-efficacy. Second, it increases reciprocal inclinations, inequity aversion, pro-social tendencies, and preferences for the government’s redistribution policies. We discuss the reasons behind the consequences of school uniforms on noncognitive traits and social preferences, with a focus on an individual’s perception of similarity with others formulated by the childhood experience as an important determinant that affects the behavioral traits.

著者

Ziyi Liu Maryam Zaid Takashi Hisamatsu Sachiko Tanaka Akira Fujiyoshi Naoko Miyagawa Takahiro Ito Aya Kadota Ikuo Tooyama Katsuyuki Miura Hirotsugu Ueshima

出版者

Japan Epidemiological Association

雑誌

Journal of Epidemiology (ISSN:09175040)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.JE20180193, (Released:2019-05-25)

参考文献数

34

被引用文献数

4

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BackgroundCognitive dysfunction has been recognized as a diabetes-related complication. Whether hyperglycemia or elevated fasting glucose are associated with cognitive decline remains controversial. We aimed to investigate the relationship between fasting glucose levels and cognitive function in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals.MethodsParticipants were Japanese diabetic (n=191) and non-diabetic (n=616) men, aged 46-81 years, from 2010-2014. Blood samples were taken after a 12h fast. Cognitive Ability Screening Instrument (CASI), with a maximum score of 100, was used for cognitive assessment. Cognitive domains of CASI were also investigated. Fractional logit regression with covariate adjustment for potential confounders was used to model cross-sectional relationships between fasting blood glucose and CASI score.ResultsFor diabetic individuals, CASI score was 0.38 (95% confidence interval: 0.66-0.12) lower per 1mmol/L higher fasting glucose level. Short-term memory domain also exhibited an inverse association. For non-diabetic individuals, a reverse u-shaped relationship was observed between fasting glucose and cognitive function, identifying a threshold for highest cognitive performance of 91.8 CASI score at 3.97-6.20mmol/L (71.5-111.6mg/dL) fasting glucose. Language ability domain displayed a similar relationship with fasting glucose.ConclusionsElevated fasting glucose levels in diabetic men were associated with lower cognitive function, in which short-term memory was the main associated domain. Interestingly, in non-diabetic men, we identified a threshold for the inverse relationship of elevated fasting glucose with cognitive function. Contrastingly to diabetic men, language ability was the main associated cognitive domain.

著者

Takahiro ITO Hirotada KANEHISA

出版者

Meteorological Society of Japan

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.91, no.6, pp.775-788, 2013

被引用文献数

4

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The initial value problem of vortex Rossby waves (VRWs) is analytically solved in a linearized barotropic system on an <i>f</i> plane. The basic axisymmetric vorticity <span style="text-decoration: overline;"><i>q</i></span> is assumed to be piecewise uniform in the radial direction so that the radial gradient <i>d<span style="text-decoration: overline;"><i>q</i></span>/dr</i> and the disturbance vorticity <i>q</i> are expressed in terms of Dirac delta functions. After Fourier transformation in the azimuthal direction with the wavenumber <i>m</i>, the linearized vorticity equation becomes a system of ordinary differential equations with respect to time; these can be analytically solved to give a closed-form solution with a prescribed initial value.<br> For a monopolar <span style="text-decoration: overline;"><i>q</i></span>, the solution of <i>q</i> starting from the innermost radius exhibits the outward propagation of VRWs. As the outer disturbances are generated, the inner disturbance is diminished. On the other hand, in the case of a solution forced at the innermost radius, the inner disturbance is not diminished, and the outward propagation of VRWs forms a distribution of spiral-shaped disturbance vorticity.<br> For a basic vorticity <span style="text-decoration: overline;"><i>q</i></span> with a moat, and if the radial distribution of <span style="text-decoration: overline;"><i>q</i></span> satisfies a certain additional condition, the solution of <i>q</i> with |<i>m</i>| ≠ 1 grows exponentially or linearly in time as a result of the interaction of counterpropagating VRWs near the moat. Although the solution of <i>q</i> with |<i>m</i>| = 1 cannot grow exponentially for any <span style="text-decoration: overline;"><i>q</i></span>, it can grow as a linear function of time. This linear growth may be regarded as a result of resonance between two internal modes of the system.