著者

Masahiro KAGAMI

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.70, no.2, pp.144-155, 1997-12-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

45

---

Since the collapse of the cold war structure, regional integration into the new European framework has been attempted. On the other hand, after the collapse of the socialist system which had suppressed the initiatives of ethnic minorities, tendencies of reviving ethnic identities have become apparent. This paper examines the significance of ethnic minority groups as contributors to the regional integration of Central Europe, treating the case of the German minority in Hungary (Hungary Germans). There is potential for minority groups to foster a multilingual and multicultural society, to stimulate personal and material exchanges between regions, and to play a part as mediators of regional integration by way of capital dispersion, regional specialization of the economy or correction of social inequalities. Since they play an important role in the process of the regional integration of Central Europe, more attention should be given to minority groups.

著者

Kelchi KUMAGAI

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.1, pp.1-30, 1998-06-30 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

353

被引用文献数

2 1

---

This paper critically reviews Japanese geographers' contribution to Third World research in the postwar period. The author highlights the discrepancies between the geogra-phers studying the Third World and geographical circles within Japan. In the pioneering period (pre mid-1960s) some active Japanese geographers independently commenced their work on the Third World without much institutional support. They established their own style of research mainly depending on participatory observation methods. In the following period (mid-1960s to 1970s), some large scale research projects were organized by major geographical departments in Japan. The University of Tsukuba's research project on Northeastern Brazil and Hiroshima University's research project on rural India are the two major ones. These research projects consisted of both physical and human geographers and adopted more extensive research methods. Since the 1980s, much more interdisciplinary research has been organized and an increasing number of younger geographers entered Third World studies. However, there has not yet been much interaction between these geographers studying the Third World and other mainstream geographers in order to innovate research methodology and epistemology of the discipline. It should be the crucial task for contemporary geographical research in Japan.

著者

Takashl SUGITANI

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.1, pp.31-44, 1998-06-30 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

40

被引用文献数

2 3

---

Since the late-80 s, abnormally many golf courses have been planned and constructed in Japan, and civil movements for conservation of the nature have been raised. These are regarded as typical examples of today's human-nature relationship. I studied the case of Miyoshi Village focusing on its promoters, supporters and contributors from the viewpoints of their history, participation, inter-relation and thought. The development was planned on the abandoned fuel forest of which wilderness was undesired by the landowners. The opposition movement was began in 1988, in fear of the chemical harm from the golf course, by a pre-existing association for natural food established by village farmers and urban consumers. Their petition to cancel the development was once adopted by the Village Assembly, but was overruled by pro-development villagers who thought the golf course harmless. Their second action was the election campaign for the village chief. That idea was presented by an urban-raised ecologist living in the mountains self-sufficiently; he joined the movement to become the actual promoter. Despite their efforts they lost the election, after which the farmers nearly gave up. But in 1992, the ecologist introduced Tachiki Trust as the final action, which was a method of selling the ownership of the living trees at the developmental site to nationwide contributors. Tachiki Trust was carried out in chain by the national association of environmentalists which was a theoretical and an emotional bond of the local members. Supported by the mass media and urban people, Miyoshi's Tachiki Trust sold over 3, 000 trees and rejected the plan in 1994. In that chronology we can see the highly complicated structure of today's conservation movement, and understand the various histories and thoughts of the people concerned.

著者

Mario HIRAOKA Noboru HIDA

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.1, pp.45-58, 1998-06-30 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

37

被引用文献数

2 3

---

Land use patterns in Amazonia are undergoing major changes as a result of both internal and external factors. The region is experiencing rapid demographic growth. Concurrently, social, economic, and political events beyond the region are restructuring local patterns. Instead of an expected intensification in land uses, the trend is toward an extensive form of land management. The present study focuses on the processes and patterns of agricultural disintensification by examining on the past and current farming practices in the estuarine floodplain near Belem, Para state, Brazil. Prior to the mid-1970s, sugar cane, cultivated on the tidal lowlands under the short fallow-swidden system, served as the main cash-earning product. Following the swift demise of sugar cane farming as a result of several factors, e. g., improvements in transportation and communications, agricultural subsidies, modernization of labor legislation, and rapid urban growth, the fruit of the acai (Euterpe oleracea) palm became the dominant crop. The palm, cultivated in agroforests or managed in the fallows, is far less demanding on labor, while economically more rewarding than sugar cane. Cared as a permanent crop, land use is less intensive and ecologically more sound than sugar cane cultivation. This example from Amazonia contributes to the ongoing discussions on land use dynamics, and it also serves to indicate that there are no unilinear directions in land use changes.

著者

Zhenhao BAO Takehiko MIKAMI

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.1, pp.59-71, 1998-06-30 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

43

被引用文献数

1 1

---

High negative correlation between summer rainfall anomaly in the Yangtze Valley and the middle reaches of the Yellow River in China is shown. Rainfall Anomaly Index (RAI) and the Student's t-test revealed a decadal fluctuation of RAI in the Yangtze Valley at the end of the 1970s. The results concerning correlation between RAI and atmospheric circulation indices show that the variation of summer RAI in the Yangtze Valley is closely related to western Pacific subtropical high index (20-30°N, 130-170°E) at 500 hPa-level in May and westerly zonal index (40-60°N, 90-170°E) at 500 hPa-level in July. The decadal fluctuation of RAI at the end of the 1970s in the Yangtze Valley corresponds to the fluctuation of westerly zonal index in July and western Pacific subtropical high index in May. The impact of sea surface temperature (SST) (EQ-14°N, 130-150°E) in the western Pacific Ocean on RAI in the Yangtze Valley is also discussed. The negative correlation between the SST in June and summer RAI in the Yangtze River at the end of 1970s exhibits a clear atmospheric-oceanic teleconnection. It is closely associated with rainy conditions in the Yangtze Valley during El Niño in the period 1978-1991.

著者

Jun YAMASHITA

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.70, no.1, pp.1-9, 1997-06-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

25

被引用文献数

1

---

The present study reveals the relationship between public facility utilization by elderly persons and their personal characteristics. Although homogeneity in socio-economic and demographic attributes of the elderly population has been assumed in previous studies, this paper attempts to identify the personal attributes and facility characteristics which are determinants of the public facility utilization among subgroups of the elderly population. In order to accomplish this purpose, one type of public elderly care facility, the elderly welfare center, was selected for this study. A mail questionnaire survey was conducted in Matsumoto, Japan, to investigate the utilization of elderly welfare centers, as well as the personal characteristics of older persons aged 60 and above. The respondents to the questionnaire are divided into eight subgroups on the basis of personal characteristics, and data on the subgroups are subsequentely applied to the binary logit model. Results show that the distance traveled to the two elderly welfare centers and the age of the respondents determine center utilization throughout the subgroups. Conversely, no economic characteristics of the elderly people surveyed were found to influence the center utilization.

著者

Hironobu ODA

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.70, no.1, pp.10-31, 1997-06-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

47

被引用文献数

3 3

---

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the locational dynamics of the Japanese plastic-mold manufacturing industry during the microelectronics innovation, as a typical example of the small- and medium-sized machinery industries. The plastic-mold manufacturing industry started around 1930 and a complex developed in Southern Tokyo. The development of mold technology formed the basis of the mass production of durable customer goods with dependence on skilled labor. When the Japanese industry as a whole experienced drastic decentralization in the 1960s and early 1970s, the mold industry maintained centralization in existing industrial regions. However, the recent technological innovation caused rapid locational dispersal into peripheral areas of the industry and the regional differentiation of production. The above facts do not conform to the hypothesis in the neo-Marshallian flexible specialization approach, which proposes that the diffusion of ME devices and flexible production methods resulted in “re-regionalization”. The innovation had the effect of producing spatially wider networks of small- and medium-sized manufacturers around the existing agglomeration structure.

著者

T. WALDICHUK H. WHITNEY

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.70, no.1, pp.32-40, 1997-06-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

15

被引用文献数

4 3

---

As cities grow and urbanites invade adjacent rural settlements, community values and attitudes become much more heterogeneous. As this invasion takes place, the landscape is also transformed and agricultural activities are threatened. In Japan, these rural-urban communities are known as konjuka settlements. Previous research has examined the friction between newcomers and farmers (old-timers) over agricultural activities; however, there has been almost no examination of how attitudes vary toward urban development in these konjuka settlements. The objective of this study therefore is to examine conflicting attitudes toward. both agricultural activities and urban development. A questionnaire returned by 211 households was distributed within the boundaries of Ushiku City-a satellite city of Tokyo. There were conflicting attitudes toward both agricultural activities and urban development. Specifically, there were major attitude differences toward burning garbage and toward new single detached housing. Responses differed according to the newcomer and old-timer dichotomy. However, responses also varied according to whether one was a farmer, was raised locally and whether one was from the more urbanized or less urbanized hamlet. This study re-affirms that conflicts occur between newcomers and old-timers over agriculture. But the results also indicate that conflicts can occur over urban development. Moreover, the findings confirm the results of other community studies which demonstrate that newcomer values conflict with those of rural old-timers. What is more important, however, is to point out that these conflicts occur between groups other than newcomers and old-timers.

著者

Katsuhiko NEDA

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.70, no.1, pp.41-56, 1997-06-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

21

被引用文献数

1 1

---

The purpose of this paper is to explore the retail locational changes in Kushiro during the 1980s and to represent a model for the short-term changes in the urban retailing system. In the CBD and the old built-up areas, retail shops have decreased in number, while they have increased in the new built-up areas. In the new built-up areas as well as the CBD, the number of chain stores has increased but the small independents have decreased. In the old built-up areas, the small independents have not decreased. In addition, the new built-up areas are characterized by rapidly increasing motor vehicle stores and speciality stores, being chain stores with free parking.

著者

Meike WOLLKOPF Hans-Friedrich WOLLKOPF

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.70, no.2, pp.57-73, 1997-12-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

22

---

The reunification of East and West Germany in the year 1990 signalled the start of a new chapter in the history of the German nation. This reunification took place in a legal sense through the accession of the previous German Democratic Republic (GDR) to the Federal Republic of Germany with its legal and democratic system and its membership in the European Union (EU) and in the military organisation of the NATO. In the short term sense in the economic and social sectors, this lead to an historically unprecedented process of transformation from the forty years of socialist planned economy to the Western style of market economy, which is primarily based on private ownership. This caused deep-rooted changes in the living conditions of almost every citizen of Eastern Germany. The social process of transformation hit the Eastern German agricultural sector with full force, thus causing a structural change. This was not simply a question of privatisation. The task at the same time was to develop the agricultural sector to adopt a market-orientated, internationally competitive, lasting and more environmentally tolerable position and to incorporate it within the EU agricultural policies. On the one hand, the previous course of the agricultural process of transformation in the new Federal States reveals tendencies to align with the West German and West European agricultural conditions, on the other hand however, there are also interesting peculiarities, including the quality of the company forms, unknown in Western Europe-small family farming companies side by side with privately-owned, large expansive companies in a broad range of legal forms. The privatisation of the land will be completed in the near future. However, the clarification of legal matters pertaining to the individual interests of ownership will stretch into the coming century. Family companies and large private agricultural companies are both subject in an equal manner to the competitive pressure of the national and international markets and only have a true perspective for the future if they are based on a stable clarification of land ownership. The agricultural use of the areas of land has changed considerably in comparison to 1990. In plant production-not least as a result of the EU market regulations-a trend towards more extensive utilisation has set in, involving a greater proportion of grain and maize and a marked reduction in root crop, fruit and vegetable production, even in the traditional East German cultivation centres. The East German livestock and agricultural products of animal origin have dropped by 50% in comparison to their previous levels. The East German Federal States are by far no longer self-supporting in terms of meat and dairy production. They are also supplied by the West European markets. The agricultural sector was forced to relinquish its previous stabilising position as a regional employer in the rural regions as a result of the redundancy of several hundred thousand agricultural workers. This lead to a severe level of unemployment and the dismantling of social functions which had been based on professional work. The consequences for the rural regions resulting from this cannot yet be predicted. Whereas the suburban rural municipalities in the close proximity of larger city growth centres developed in a positive and dynamic manner, the larger proportion of the rural municipalities with their often traditionally agricultural or commercial monostructures suffered considerable disadvantage, sometimes to the extent that their very existence has becone endangered. The state subsidies which have been distributed in a relatively generous manner up until now have only been sufficient to balance these deficits to a certain extent.

著者

Hiroshi SASAKI

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.70, no.2, pp.74-82, 1997-12-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

31

---

Unification of Germany has put East Germany in the position of being a laboratory, a good example of areal changes in the world. At the time of unification the share of East Germany in the whole German GDP was only 7.2% in 1991, but owing to large transfers for East Germany and to the foreign investments, it became 10.9% in 1995. Unification of the currency brought a favorable exchange rate (1 : 1) for East German, but it caused a weakening of the competitive power of East German industries on the world market. All state owned properties and enterprises were put under the control of Treuhandanstalt, which reprivatised, privatised or sold them to West German or foreign companies. Many profitable enterprises were bought as “fillet” by West German big companies and the rest as “fat and bone” by foreign companies, among which French, USA and British dominated. The areal structure of economy in East Germany was worked out by some geographers during the age of DDR (German Democratic Republic), but none have yet tried, because the time is not sufficient since the unification of Germany. The contrast between “Industrial South and Agricultural North” is very clear and rooted in natural conditions and in a long history. Five such economic regions may be distinguishable: agro-industrial region along Baltic coast, agricultural region on lowland in the Middle, mining and industrial region in the South, Sachsen=Thüringen industrial region, and Berlin.

著者

Mitsuru YAMAMOTO

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.70, no.2, pp.83-94, 1997-12-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

8

被引用文献数

1

---

Population loss, the movement of young and middle aged people into occupations outside of agriculture, and the aging of LPG workers had been conspicuous in the rural areas of southwest Thuringia in former East Germany even before reunification. Aging of agricultural workers and acquisition of side jobs by members of farm households, processes similar to those occurring in West Germany and other industrial countries, had already begun. We investigated the employment situation in one particular village close to the former east-west border. Here, some young people were able to continue in their old occupations in the East even after reunification, while those who lost their jobs looked for employment in Bavaria, in former West Germany. They too often found occupations in which they could use their previously learned skills. The local LPG, on the other hand, was turned into a cooperative, which rehired for the most part young skilled workers, while the older generation was let go and went into retirement. There are now only two independent farms and one farmer who has rented his land out to a Bavarian lessee; all other land is rented by the local cooperative. In spite of the political changes the occupational structure of the area, agriculture with subsidiary employment-multiple job-holding farming-remains basically unaltered. We suggest that the equal division inheritance system, leading to small scale farms, and the existence of traditional manufacturing industries, etc., conditions that distinguish this region from the North of former East Germany, have sustained this structure. The location, close to the former border and resulting employment opportunities in the West, that became available with reunification, probably provide significant support for it. The rural area of southwestern Thuringia should thus be understood as having a character which is markedly distinct from that of the North of former East Germany.

著者

Haruo YAMAZAKI

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.2, pp.115-125, 1996-12-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

48

---

Active fault and related tectonic studies in Japan are chronologically reviewed from the viewpoint of tectonic geomorphology. The future prospects are also described based on the trends of recent progress in active fault study and the surrounding social circumstances. Since the publication of Active Faults in Japan in 1980, the field in Japan has roughly been split into two domains: the reconstruction of detailed fault behavior in Holocene times; and the elucidation of the relationship between active faults and regional tectonics. The former describes various kinds of fault behavior through the application of the trench excavation method. Although the historical activity has been uncovered on many active faults, the surveys have become increasingly difficult due to the artificial modification of land. New proposed methods such as drilling, however, have not yet developed sufficiently to substitute for trenching. The latter domain discusses various topics related to the characteristics of long-term tectonic behavior from the viewpoint of landform evolution. Studies on the net slip-rate of thrust faults and the migration of thrust fronts have brought new knowledge and ideas to landform geomorphology and seismotectonic research. The morphotectonic and seismotectonic studies in offshore and onshore regions along the Nankai Trough have sufficiently explained the tectonic and landform evolution on the island arc scale in Southwest Japan. Based on present conditions, the author proposes the following directions which should promote progress in active fault study and to utilize the results for hazard mitigation in the future: (1) to distinguish the segmentation structure in the active fault system; (2) to establish seismotectonics models for various regions in Japan; and (3) reconsideration of the recurrence interval of large earthquakes.

著者

Shunji OUCHI

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.2, pp.126-133, 1996-12-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

52

被引用文献数

2

---

Recent studies of fluvial processes, slope processes, hydrogeomorphology, rock control and weathering processes indicate that studies of process geomorphology in Japan increasingly deal with phenomena in smaller scales of time and space. Precise measurements of the movement of water and materials and of rock properties are required as a basis for discussion. This implies that geomorphology is joining the circle of modern sciences, although belatedly, and this trend will be accelerated in the near future.

著者

Masatomo UMITSU

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.2, pp.134-143, 1996-12-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

79

被引用文献数

2 2

---

Recent studies on the evolution of Japanese riverine coastal plains and sea-level changes in the late Quaternary are reviewed. Studies on the landforms and sediments of the plains have been done in many riverine coastal plains using various research techniques. Landforms and sediments of the riverine coastal plains have changed remarkably since the last glacial maximum. Several studies have clarified the paleogeography of the plains, and also pointed out that the landform evolution of the plains has been influenced by minor fluctuations of sea-level changes in the late Holocene.

著者

Tadashi TANAKA

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.2, pp.144-159, 1996-12-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

59

被引用文献数

4 5

---

Recent Japanese studies on storm runoff processes in forested drainage basins showed the important role of subsurface water, especially groundwater flow during storm events. It was recognized that several mechanisms such as rapid flow through soil pipes, capillary water effect, air pressure effect and capillary barrier effect operate inducing a rapid response of groundwater to storm events depending on differences in local hydrologic conditions. All of these mechanisms were chiefly attributed to inhomogeneities and hydraulic property differences of the soil deposits. Interactions between storm runoff processes and geomorphic processes were also investigated.

著者

Takeei KOIZUMI

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.2, pp.160-169, 1996-12-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

44

被引用文献数

1 2

---

Geoecological studies started in Japan natively in the 1970s with the work of a few physical geographers and plant ecologists. The main theme was interpretation of the alpine landscape of high mountains. Since then, alpine studies have become the mainstream of Japanese geoecology. In the 1980s, German geoecology as originated by Troll was introduced and became another main stream of research. Recently geoecological studies have increased, and some review articles or books were published. In this paper, progress of Japanese geoecology was looked back.

著者

Masato SHINODA

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.2, pp.170-184, 1996-12-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

87

---

The present review paper outlines the state of the art of recent observational studies conducted by Japanese Climatologists on global- to synoptic-scale precipitation in terms of its spatial pattern, seasonal change, and interannual/interdecadal variability. In recent investigations, concerns have been extended to the global scale, while special attention has been focused on the Asian/Australian monsoon regions and their surroundings. That is, the longitudinal band from Central Asia/India in the west, to East Asia/Australia in the east. The interannual and interdecadal variability of Asian rainfall has been studied in relation to the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon, western Pacific/Indian Ocean sea surface temperatures (SSTs), Eurasian snow cover, and their associated atmospheric circulations. The First Global Atmospheric Research Program (CARP) Global Experiment (FGGE), performed during December 1978-November 1979, promoted a deeper understanding of the spatial and seasonal distribution of precipitation on time scales shorter than one month, as well as precipitation-producing circulation mechanisms. Satellite data derived from NOAA and geostationary meteorological satellite (GMS) of Japan have been widely used for examining the spatial pattern and seasonal change of satellite-inferred precipitation, mainly over oceanic areas centered in the western Pacific. Recommendations are given for future studies and programs in this field, from the aspects of the long-term monitoring of the Asian monsoon variability and the understanding of climate dynamics linked with precipitation.

著者

Rikie Suzuki

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.2, pp.185-193, 1996-12-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

63

被引用文献数

1

---

Mesoscale climatological studies by Japanese scientists in the recent decade are reviewed. The spatially dense network of the Automated Meteorological Data Acquisition System (AMeDAS) has provided hourly meteorological information since 1976. This review paper focuses on studies, that utilized AMeDAS data on land/sea breeze, extended sea breeze, regional wind distribution, boundary layer climate, local front, and precipitation. In addition to this theme, studies on the winter monsoon are introduced.

著者

Hitoshi TORITANI Yousay HAYASHI

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.2, pp.194-205, 1996-12-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

59

被引用文献数

1 1

---

The purpose of this report is to give a general review of recent studies of local climate as mechanically and thermally characterized by the effects of topography. Unprecedented information on local climate has been obtained using new instruments and techniques but to understand it in more detail, we need to synthesize and systematize the information in numerous case studies. Therefore, cooperative study pursued by researchers who have the same or similar aims, or by observers and modelers, are thought necessary. Although more than 60 papers are introduced in this review, half of them were written by a single author, and there are no cooperative studies among them. This indicates that the approaches to the study of local climate are insufficient. It is expected that cooperative studies in this area will be planned for the future.