著者

Kiyotaka NAKAGAWA

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.2, pp.206-224, 1996-12-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

42

被引用文献数

3 3

---

The purpose of the present paper is to review recent urban climatological studies in Japan. Recently there has been an increasing number of urban climatological reports in Japan. In addition, the community of urban climatological workers in Japan has expanded from climatology and meteorology to architecture, civil engineering, agriculture, remote sensing, and so on. However, since most urban climatological studies in Japan have focused on the thermal environments and accompanying air circulation in urban and rural areas, special emphasis in the present paper is also laid on such phenomena. First, studies on urban heat island intensity are reviewed. Second, studies on the urban canopy layer heat island are reviewed. Third, studies on the urban boundary layer heat island are reviewed. Finally, studies on the reduction of urban heat island phenomena are reviewed. These subjects are not new, and have been studied continuously from before the 1970s. However, not all the subjects are completely resolved yet. Although the final goal of studies on the reduction of urban heat island phenomena is to establish amenity cities in the near future, it appears probable that this goal will not become a subjects for geographers, but rather for engineers, because geographers traditionally tend to be concerned with decision making.

著者

Masahiko OYA

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.68, no.2, pp.218-242, 1995-12-31 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

2 3

---

After World War II Japan faced the simultaneous problems of food shortages and flood hazards. To resolve these problems, agricultural and civil engineers were requested to obtain information on alluvial plains which provide land for major food production in the Japanese Islands. Fortunately, Japanese geographers had already begun to study the alluvial plains as depositional geomorphology, greatly aided by the availability of aerial photographs. These circumstances gave birth to the Geomorphological Survey Map Showing Classification of Flood Stricken Areas. The maps enable us to estimate the features of flooding not only of the past but also of the future. The reason why such a survey map serves the purpose of defining the type of flood is that the irregular surface of the plain, however slight, as well as the sandy and gravelly deposits, were formed by repeated floods. Consequently, the micro-topography of the plain, i.e., fans, natural levees, deltas, etc. tell the history of past floods. From this point of view, the author compiled the first “Topographical Survey Map of the Kiso River Basin (Nobi Plain) Showing Classification of Flood Stricken Areas” in 1956. The accuracy of the map was actually confirmed by the high tide caused by the Typhoon Ise-Bay in 1959, i.e., three years after the preparation of the map. The results of the flood were almost the same as those predicted by the map. It is especially noteworthy that the area of invasion of flooding, caused by the high tide, coincides exactly with the delta area. This close relationship between high tide and geomorphology is manifested in many other cases, for example, in the routes of high tides and features of flooding in each geomorphological unit. Utilizing the combination of geomorphological units, the flood type is classified into the following three types: overflow type, concentration type, and a combination type. An example of the overflow type is seen in the lower reaches of the Kiso River and Han River, the concentration type in the Chikugo River, and the combination type in the Vientiane Plain along the Mekong River. The map is useful for estimating not only flooding but also soil liquefaction sites caused by earthquakes, and for the selection of bridge sites.

著者

Keiichi TAKEUCHI

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.1, pp.1-20, 1996-06-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

247

被引用文献数

1 1

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In this review article, the author examines from a critical viewpoint the recent achievements of Japanese geographers in the methodology and history of geographical thought in the broader sense. Works discussed in the previous review article of 1988 by Takeuchi and Nozawa are excluded from the present considerations. Rich achievements in the intellectual and social history of Japanese geographical thought and geographical knowledges in Japan are underlined. The strong influence of Western geographers in Japanese modern and contemporary geography is also mentioned.

著者

Tetsuya HISATAKE

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.1, pp.42-59, 1996-06-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

221

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The author elucidates three distinct currents of research trends arising during the period 1980-1995 in Japanese cultural geography. First to be noted is the growing concern of the cultural geographer with methodological discussion on the culture concept in cultural geography and on its applicability to data organization in practical work. Next is the rejuvenation of traditional study of subsistence activities in the peasant society, in which a large proportion of Japanese cultural geographers have single-mindedly engaged, through the dominant influence of ethnoscience and the cognitive sciences during this period. And finally, cultural studies and other critical theories came to have an impact on the formation of new interest in the issues of the politics of culture and cultural representation in recent Japanese cultural geography.

著者

Hidenori OKAHASHI

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.1, pp.60-69, 1996-06-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

56

被引用文献数

6 7

---

This paper reviews the development of postwar mountain village studies in Japan with particular reference to the questions of depopulation, peripheralization, and village revitalization, and clarifies their achievements and directions for the future. Hitherto in geography the concept of mountain villages has often been determined in terms of location, natural features and cultural characteristics. This concept led geographers to focus their research only at the village level, even in the study of depopulation. In recent years, researchers have begun to look directly at depopulation as a regional problem and to do macro research on a national scale. After the rapid economic growth period, new structures for survival created by economic restructuring appeared in mountain villages. It became necessary to tackle mountain village research within a framework based on the theory of peripheralization. It is also important that mountain villages do not generally vanish in Peripheralization, but that attention is given to local measures for self-sufficiency referred to as village renaissance. This paper attempts to highlight these points and to take a fresh look at mountain village studies in Japan.

著者

Yoshiki WAKABAYASHI

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.1, pp.83-94, 1996-06-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

104

被引用文献数

2 7

---

Behavioral studies on environmental perception have been conducted by Japanese geographers since the 1970s, being stimulated by the studies in Anglophone countries. But most of the foreign geographers appear to know little about the development of Japanese research in this field. The aim of this paper is to introduce the behavioral studies on environmental perception in Japan to add their findings to the international inventory of behavioral geography. After briefly outlining the process of the development of behavioral geography in Japan, the empirical studies on environmental perception are reviewed dividing the subject into three aspects: designative aspects (e. g., information field, cognitive maps), appraisive aspects (e. g., evaluation of the environment, spatial preference), and developmental aspects (e. g., children's perception of the environment). It is shown that the major topics of this subject in Anglophone countries have also been discussed by Japanese geographers. Recently, however, non-behavioral approaches to environmental perception, such as humanistic or socio-cultural, have been increasing.

著者

Fujio MIZUOKA

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.1, pp.95-112, 1996-06-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

63

被引用文献数

2 4

---

An alternative geographer, or a practitioner of social and economic geography who does not follow the conventional, has a curious habit of unconsciously performing pendulumlike swings: an alternative geographer grown within the institutional pigeon hole of geography first antagonises the conventional practice and seeks a more robust theoretical framework, drawing mainly upon Marxism, or more recently phenomenological philosophy. Eventually, however, he/she degenerates back into the exceptionalism and gives in to support the institution again or sometimes that at higher level. Japanese alternative geography has been particularly plagued with the repeated appearance of such pendulum-like swings since the pre-war period. This paper analyses the peculiar dialectics that gives rise to the curious swings through disciplinary discourse at meta-level; then it describes how this dialectic manifests itself in the developmental trajectory of Japanese alternative geography. The catch is that the practitioner of alternative him/herself is protected by the institution which supports the conventional. The struggle against the conventional is fought only among geographers' community within the institutional boundary, and serious and robust interdisciplinary intercourse with other disciplines of social science is scarce. Thus an alternative geographer has little opportunity to acquire level of comprehension of social and economic theories competent enough to stand alone in the competitive academic environment in general social science. This nature of alternative geography parasitic to the conventional eventually manifests itself in the conversion of an alternative geographer back to the support of the very conventional practices, into chanting for exceptionalism and seeking protection from the institution. On the other hand, the success of alternative geography which has been engaging in the society-and-space debate in the English-speaking countries lies in that they managed, via formulations of spatial theories that made geography a fully independent discipline of social science, to do away with the parasitism and to transcend this sort of eternal pendulum swings. They thus succeeded in discarding the paradoxical yearning for the institutional protection. It is now an urgent task for Japanese alternative geographers facing disciplinary crisis to learn more from this practice overseas, in order to establish higher esteem in the academic division of labour in general as well as that of geography in the international context.

著者

James R. GOFF Stephen R. HICOCK

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.68, no.2, pp.95-106, 1995-12-31 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

26

---

Quaternary sediments and landforms in a small, mountain catchment (Silverhope drainage basin) provide a link with catastrophic outburst deposits in a neighbouring valley (Chilliwack River). The contiguous catchments are linked by a pass at 1015 masl, which represents the maximum elevation of the outburst conduit. During Cordilleran Ice Sheet decay, the normal meltwater drainage pathway to the south in Silverhope valley was blocked by a dead ice dam. The area covered by the resulting glacial lake Silverhope is suggested based on elevations of a raised delta, mass movement features, and glaciolacustrine sediments. Exposures near Hicks Creek-Post Creek pass are used to infer that lake levels were raised above the elevation of the divide by a second dead ice dam. Southsouthwest oriented paleoflow deposits covering glaciolacustrine sediments northeast of the pass, and clean bedrock faces southwest of it, suggest that the dead ice dam was situated at the divide. Consequent catastrophic discharges flowed down Post Creek into Chilliwack valley. Radiocarbon ages from Chilliwack valley, and outburst sediments deposited against the distal side of the end moraine that dams Chilliwack Lake are used to infer that outburst occurred about 11.4 ka.

著者

Shigeru SHIRASAKA

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.68, no.2, pp.107-118, 1995-12-31 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

16

被引用文献数

1 1

---

Slash-and-burn cultivation (Swidden) formerly occurred Japan and Europe too, but today we can find it only in the Tropics which abound in forest resources. This study discusses slash-and-burn cultivation by analyzing the characteristics and recent changes among the minorities, especially the Jinuo, in Xishuangbanna Dai Nationality Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China. Xishuangbanna is located at the southwestern end on the borders of Burma (Myanmar) and Laos. The minorities in the mountainous regions place slash-and-burn cultivation at the centre of their living. Their agricultural systems, however, have been obliged to change because of the population growth since the 1950s. The decrease of the forest rate in Xishuangbanna has been caused by the population growth and the increase of the area used for slash-and-burn cultivation in the minority societies. The population growth is destructive to the sustainability of slash-and-burn cultivation, along with the introduction of the Responsibility System for Agricultural Production in the 1980s. Today, the minorities are keen on introducing cash crops on a large scale such as natural rubber, tea and herbs for Chinese medicines. Slash-and-burn cultivation is declining and the fields will change to permanently cultivated land in the near future.

著者

Noritaka YAGASAKI

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.68, no.2, pp.119-136, 1995-12-31 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

38

被引用文献数

1 1

---

Agricultural cooperativism, developed in rural Japan, was transferred to overseas Japanese communities and modified as an adaptive strategy to fit the local conditions of the host society. Before World War II, Japanese immigrants to the United States organized a substantial number of agricultural cooperatives in the farming districts of California where they specialized in intensive farming. The cooperatives that developed in this period were the farmers' survival mechanism in a hostile socio-economic environment. Prior to 1930, these ethnic agricultural cooperatives possessed socio-cultural importance in local farming communities of Japanese immigrants, but were economically less effective. In the 1930s and early 1940s, however, socio-economic conditions forced further cooperation. Local organizations took on the functions of real agricultural cooperatives while centralized and federated organizations were established to strengthen and coordinate the local bodies. In Sao Paulo, Brazil, ethnic cooperation, typified by numerous agricultural organizations, contributed significantly to the successful involvement of Japanese immigrants in intensive farming. However, the development and adaptation processes of Japanese agricultural cooperatives in California and Sao Paulo differed substantially from each other, reflecting the varied nature and conditions of the host societies, and thus suggesting the importance of contextually understanding immigrant agriculture and ethnic cooperativism.

著者

Tadashi INUI Ian BOWLER

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.68, no.2, pp.137-150, 1995-12-31 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

1 1

---

Agriculture in the European Union (EU) is moving into a ‘post-productivist transition’. From a period of maximizing food output, farmers are being redirected to reduce their production, provide society with ‘environmental goods’ and create a more ‘sustainable’ agriculture. The motivations for this transition can be traced to the removal of food surpluses, control of the cost of subsidies to agriculture, and repair of environmental damage associated with productivist agriculture. This paper offers a perspective on the agricultural land-use implications of this redirection of EU agriculture by examining agricultural land use in the past (productivism), the present (post-productivist transition) and the future (post-productivism). Attention is directed to three changing land use dimensions: from intensification to extensification; from concentration to dispersion; and from specialisation to diversification. There are national, regional and local variations in these dimensions, but overall a more diversified land use structure is emerging within the EU. Non-food crops (including bio-fuel), forestry, set-aside, nature conservation and recreation are the main rural, rather than agricultural, land uses increasing in importance. Future rural land use trends will revolve around three processes: the extent of ‘surplus’ farmland in the EU, global competition in markets for food, and global climatic change. Much depends on the application of technological progress in the genetic engineering of crops and livestock, the international competitiveness of regional agricultural systems, and the international agricultural response to global climatic change.

著者

Takashi OGUCHI

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.68, no.2, pp.151-165, 1995-12-31 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

38

---

In Japanese mountains, erosive force markedly increased after the Pleistocene-Holocene transition because of increased heavy rainfall, resulting in channel incision along hillslope hollows and tributaries. This paper investigates the process of channel incision in the Matsumoto Region of central Japan based on morphometry. Attention is directed toward the effects of headward erosion and channel widening on channel expansion. Channel length and area occupied by channels were measured for more than eight hundred 500×500m morpho-. metric samples taken from eight watersheds. Analyses of channel length and channel area based on location-for-time substitutions have revealed that channels develop through two stages. At the early stage, the channel length-channel area relation is expressed by a power function. The function indicates that headward erosion contributes to about 80 percent of the channel-area increase whereas channel widening contributes to about 20 percent. At the late stage, channel length tends to be unchanged owing to the stabilization of channel heads, and channel widening solely accounts for the channel-area increase. The stabilization of channel heads occurs when channel length has reached about 80 percent of total valley length. The ratio of 80 percent most likely represents a limit of channel elongation determined by the geomorphological and hydrological threshold of erosion.

著者

Masato SHIMIZU

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.68, no.2, pp.166-184, 1995-12-31 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

57

被引用文献数

3 2

---

Recent increase of newly-incoming foreign population has called attention to the issues of foreigners' living environment in the Tokyo metropolitan area. In order to obtain an empirical perspective on residential and social environments of foreign new comers in Tokyo, spatial relocation and selected friendship pattern of overstay foreign workers in the inner area Tokyo were examined. Data collected through a questionnaire survey suggested firstly that residential relocation patterns of the survey respondents was conditioned largely by such intertwining factors as the extent of cohesive ethnic network, degrees of individual adjustment, potential job opportunities and politico-economic marginal status. While ethnic information network was apparently the dominant influence on spatial structure of their movements, the latter two components functioned as deeper-rooted structural determinants of potential field of migration. In regard to the pattern of their social interaction, cohesive ethnic networks were identified; they were not necessarily confined to local neighborhoods but rather extended spatially, even though the intensity of association is substantially conditioned by spatial distance between individuals. For an understanding of such network type ethnic communities, elaborations of “classical” normative expectations, which are predicated a conceptual foundation that simply correlates social and spatial distances, seem to be integral to an analtical framework of ethnic segregation in Tokyo.

著者

Risto LAULAJAINEN

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.68, no.2, pp.185-197, 1995-12-31 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

99

被引用文献数

1

---

The large business corporation as an object of geographical study is related to industrial and retailing geography. Its role in the business school curriculum is discussed. The topic is given systematic treatment: location factors, location decision, spatial strategy, production system, corporate restructuring, administrative setup and spatial competition.

著者

Eva KISS

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.68, no.2, pp.198-208, 1995-12-31 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

7

---

The main purpose of this study is to sum up the Hungarian reception of a multinational company, Suzuki, and its impact on the local economic and social surroundings in the town Esztergom. This research is the first experiment in Hungary to reveal the impact of large investment primarily on the local-social economic surroundings, because during the socialist period researchers have investigated the impact of large investments mainly on the physical environment. This investigation, concluded in 1992, is also important because after 1989, with the increase of the consciousness of responsibility for the geographical surroundings the population reacts more and more actively to technical establishments. By the survey it has become obvious that Suzuki's large investment has been well received and it has had significant effects on the economic and social development of the town Esztergom.

著者

James R. GOFF Stephen R. HICOCK

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.68, no.2, pp.209-217, 1995-12-31 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

26

---

Downstream variations in clast size were examined in Silverhope Creek, a tributary of the Fraser River, British Columbia, Canada. A sedimentary environment inherited largely from Cordilleran Ice Sheet decay dominates the present fluvial regime. Hummocky terrain in the southern part of the catchment produces distinct grainsize fluctuations over several km that are related to local changes in the sedimentary regime during deglaciation. Similarly, relict mass movement features impart grainsize variations of a glacigenic origin on the bed material. Sediment input primarily from western tributaries produces local downstream coarsening. Landslide-damming of Silver Lake about 1100 years ago provides a local base level in the northern half of the catchment. Fining associated with aggradation upstream and coarsening associated with degradation downstream also interrupt the expected trend toward downstream diminution in clast size. Geomorphic activity of anthropogenic origin is subordinate to that generated by natural processes. Sediment input shows greater bimodality in more recently-logged tributaries. Bimodality of sediment input has declined over a period of 5-10 years following the cessation of logging activity in the tributary. The main reason for a decline in bimodality is forest regrowth and valley side stabilisation. However, sedimentation rates in Silver Lake remain high indicating that the quantity of sediment input as a result of tree removal may remain high in the long term, whereas change in sediment quality (bimodality) is a short term factor.

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, no.2, pp.138, 1994 (Released:2008-12-25)

著者

森川 洋

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.68, no.1, pp.1-22, 1995-06-30 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

27

---

本稿では,広島県を事例として,最近20~30年間における地域的都市システムの構造変化を考察した。その際にはとくに,中小都市間の水平的結合の存在とともに,低次中心地の機能変化に注目した。その結果,過去20~30年間に広島大都市圏が著しく成長し,他地域との地域間格差が拡大してきたことが判明した。しかも広島は,高次中心地,特に福山との機能的結合を強化してきた。しかしながら,広島の急激な成長と狭小な県域のため,県内中小都市相互の水平的結合はそれほど発達しなかった。欧米諸国では低次中心地は農村地域の豊かなアメニティのもとで成長しているといわれるが,広島県では低次中心地の大部分は不利な生活条件のもとで,今日まで衰退またはせいぜい停滞してきた。しかし,低次中心地のなかにも,吉田や上下などのように,小規模ながらも自己の通勤圏をもつものがあり,これらの中心地が成長することは過疎地域の生活条件の改善に大きく貢献するものと考えられる。

著者

須山 聡

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.68, no.1, pp.23-45, 1995-06-30 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

51

被引用文献数

1 1

---

本研究の目的は,在来工業の企業内における職業教育が,熟練労働力の養成を通じてもたらす,労働力の地域的移動パターンを明らかにすることである。 在来工業地域に関する研究は,従来新しい生産技術の導入を契機とした地域の変化を主な研究対象としてきた。しかし在来工業地域の過半数は現在でも伝統的生産技術に依存している。本研究では在来技術への依存度が高い輪島漆器業を事例とした。 輪島漆器業においては,現在でも徒弟制による熟練労働力の再生産が行われている。徒弟制は輪島漆器業の企業内技能教育制度である。本来の徒弟制は,漆器関連事業所の子弟が技能を「相続」することを第1の機能とし,熟練技能者の単純再生産に終始していた。しかし, 1960年代後半における輪島漆器の生産増加に伴い,漆器業に無関係な家庭に育った子弟の新規参入が増加した。その結果,徒弟制の機能は熟練技能者の拡大再生産に変質した。 加飾職人に対するアンケートをライフパスの概念を用いて時空間的に分析した結果,徒弟制による熟練技能者の養成過程における職人の移動パター・ンが3つ抽出された。第1は旧輪島町内で出生した家業継承者による「滞留」型である。このパターンは変質以前の徒弟制の機能である,技能の「相続」に伴うもので,旧輪島町における漆器関連事業所の集積を継続させている。 第2・第3の移動パターンは「求心-離心」および「離心」型である。このうち,第2のパターンは周辺・外縁地域,第3のパターンは旧輪島町で出生した新規参入者がたどる軌跡である。徒弟制による技能訓練を受けるためには漆器関連事業所が集積する旧輪島町に移動する必要がある。弟子入り時に旧輪島町で生まれた職人そのまま滞留するが,それ以外の者は旧輪島町方向に求心移動を行う。技能を修得した後,彼らは独立した職人となるが,自ら作業場となる場所を確保する必要がある。良好な作業・生活環境を有する土地を確保するために,彼らは周辺・外縁地域に離心的に移動する。これら2つの移動パターンは,漆器関連事業所の分布拡大をもたらした。

著者

リュツェラー R

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.68, no.1, pp.46-62, 1995-06-30 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

40

被引用文献数

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一般に日本の社会経済地理的特徴は大都市圏の過密と農村地域の過疎との対照にあるといわれている。しかし本研究では,少なくともいくつかの最も重要な社会問題については,その実態がはるかに複雑であることを明らかにしようと試みた。 相関分折と多重分類分折の結果,失業率,女性の離婚率,母子世帯数,生活保護受給者数といった社会指標の分布に対しては,地域別の職業構造が最も強く影響していることが明らかとなった。この点では,専門的・管理的職業の割合の低い大阪や福岡のような都市地域や,製造業部門の雇用が相対的に不足する農村地域(主に西南日本)は「問題地域」であるということができる。他方,都市対農村の対照による影響は小さく,物価調整後の平均雇用者所得や年齢調整後の学歴別構成などの分布に影響しているにとどまる。さらに,被差別部落民や高齢単身世帯の割合に関しては,その分布は歴史的・文化的背景に関連している。