著者

Keiichi KATSUBE Takashi OGUCHI

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.1, pp.63-72, 1999-06-30 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

27

被引用文献数

16 21

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Previous research indicated that the average slope angle in Japanese mountains tends to increase with increasing altitude. This paper examines the details of the change for the three ranges of the Japan Alps using 2.25''×1.5'' (ca. 50×50m) DEMs provided by the Geographical Survey Institute of Japan. Altitudinal changes in profile curvature were also analyzed. The results indicate that the ranges can be divided into three altitude zones. Zone 1 (< ca. 1, 000m) is characterized by an increase in mean and modal slope angle with altitude as well as concave slope profiles. Zone 2 (ca. 1, 000 to 2, 800m), which occupies the broadest area of the ranges, is characterized by increases in the mean slope angle with increasing altitude, but the modal slope angle is around 35 degrees regardless of altitude. The modal profile curvature is also stable around null throughout the zone, reflecting straight slope profiles. The ratio of hillslopes with an angle of ca. 35 degrees to all hillslopes increases with increasing altitude, suggesting that hillslopes converge into a characteristic form after long-term erosion. Zone 3 occurs in narrow zones near mountain summits (> ca. 2, 800m) where hillslopes are subjected to periglacial actions, wind erosion and Pleistocene glacial erosion. This zone is characterized by the decreasing slope inclination with altitude and convex slope profiles.

著者

Yasuo MIYAKAWA

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.2, pp.75-99, 1999-12-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

15

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The purpose of this study is to examine the mutation of the Japanese industrial orbit in the global economy through a case study of the Japanese motor vehicle industry, with particular focus on Toyota Motor. The locus of Japan between the Eurasian Continent and the Pacific Ocean has exerted a great influence on the mutation of the orbit that has expanded yet at the same time circumscribed the development of Japanese industries in the global economy, especially since the Meiji Restoration. The concept of locus in this sense has both temporal and timeless meanings, indicating a particular place as a historical entity in its relations with other places that is still alive and responsive to human endeavors. Owing to its locus together with sound entrepreneurship in the innovative ethos of industrial community, Japan was able to synchronize the first wave of the Modern Industrial Revolution from UK with the second wave of the “Information” Industrial Revolution from its industrial frontier, the U. S., at the time of Meiji Restoration. Consequently, Japan made a successful step in a century toward the Neo Industrial Revolution, the third wave under which industries have begun paying due regard to natural providence and human ethics, especially in the environment and welfare industry. Notwithstanding the expansion of the industrial orbit of Japanese firms under the keen competitive-cooperation structure of the global economy, Japan has managed to preserve a steady industrial system and to maintain a sensitive industrial sphere on the global scene.

著者

DOO-CHUL KIM

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.2, pp.100-110, 1999-12-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

11

被引用文献数

1 1

---

Comparing the remarkable economic growth of Japan and South Korea (hereafter, Korea), many scholars have adopted the modernization theory and/or the stages theory of development. They argue that development is about the modernization of traditional societies. Moreover, it is also widely accepted that developing countries could and should learn from the pioneer countries that have already developed. However, they fail to explain the opposite side of the remarkable economic growth in both countries; namely rapid depopulation and wide collapse of rural communities. This study is an attempt to build an alternative theoretical framework for sustainable development of rural communities in East Asia, focusing on Japan and Korea. The endogenous self organization that functions as a substantial social unit for rural development is emphasized. To accomplish this purpose, a case from each country is introduced and interpreted in an alternative way. The cases demonstrate that endogenous self-organizations function as a coordinator in policy implementation. While the two countries differ from each other in their method of local government intervention, the comparison of the two cases shows that rural development initiated by a local government cannot be sustainable without enhancing endogenous self-organizations. Ironically, it could be argued that no intervention strengthens the self-organizing capabilities of a rural community.

著者

Jun ONODERA

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.2, pp.111-121, 1999-12-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

68

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This paper aims at considering a mechanism of urban formation in Asia, focusing on the growth of small towns under the economic reform since the 1980s in the Pearl River Delta region, southern China. A discussion on the extended pattern of urbanization in Asia and some models of China's economic development are reviewed as a frame of reference. The extended urban formation in the Pearl River Delta region is considered to be the incorporating process of the region into the New International Division of Labour. Some Hong Kong-based enterprises have started to locate large-scale factories to the region, while they have left headquarters functions in Hong Kong. Those factories have employed a lot of workers from a segmented regional labour market of immigrants. Local communities in rural areas have accumulated land profits from the compensation of land expropriation and rent of collectiveowned land to promote land development in their domains. While foreign enterprises aggressively invest in the region in pursuit of preferable location for their production, local communities in rural area as well as local government competitively develop their land and construct facilities on it in order to invite more foreign investment. As a result, these movements have brought about rapid changes in the landscape of the region.

著者

Woo-seok KONG David WATTS

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.2, pp.122-134, 1999-12-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

54

被引用文献数

3 5

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The distribution of arboreal arctic-alpine plants in NE Asia and Korea is discussed. The presence of large numbers of species of the arctic-alpine flora in the Korean Peninsula, and especially the global southernmost distributional limits for certain species, may primarily be attributed to palaeo-environmental factors, since it cannot be wholly explained by reference to present environmental conditions. The disjunctive distribution of many arctic-alpine plants in NE Asia and the Korean Peninsula, as well as the Japanese Islands, suggests a former continuous distribution of these both regionally and on a broader scale. It also implies their range extension down-slopes and southwards during the Pleistocene glacial phases, and the subsequent breakdown of a former continuous range into fragments as the climate ameliorated during the post-glacial warming phase. The arctic-alpine flora, now mainly on the peaks of the Korean mountains, have been able to persist in alpine belts thanks to their harsh climatic conditions, sterile soil, rugged topography and cryoturbation. The horizontal and vertical distributional limits of some species seem to coincide with the maximum monthly summer isotherms, and the continued survival of alpine plants in Korea is in danger, if global warming associated with the greenhouse effect takes place.

著者

Kyoji SAITO

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.2, pp.162-172, 1999-12-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

3 3

---

In Japan, where uplift and denudation have been active during the Quaternary, thf growing stage of mountains has been divided into the earliest, early, younger-middle, older middle, and later substages. In this study, relationships have been discussed quantitatively between the development stage of mountains and alluvial-fan existence and size in tectonically active Japan, Taiwan, and the Philippines. Among relief ratio, drainage-basin area, tempera tore, and precipitation, relief ratio was determined to be the most important variable foi predicting the existence of alluvial fans for rivers with source areas greater than 100 km2. As mountains pass through their development stages from earliest to later, their relief ratios increase and the number and size of alluvial fans increase, especially from the older-middh substage. In drainage basins over 100 km2, the relief ratio of 30‰ is estimated to be at important threshold for the existence of an alluvial fan. In the older-middle substage almost all rivers have high relief ratios greater than 30‰, while only 63% of the rivers show such higr relief ratios in the younger-middle substage. In addition, the size of alluvial fans in drainage basins with relief ratios greater than 60‰ is larger than the size with relief ratios lower than 60‰. The percentage of the rivers with relief ratios over 60‰ in the older-middle substage is markedly higher than that in the younger-middle substage. In this way, the increase in relies ratios (steeper riverbeds) beginning in the older-middle substage provides good conditions for the development and increased size of alluvial fans. Furthermore, the tropical climate in the Philippines, which seems to be disadvantageous for the development of alluvial fans in general does not necessarily result in smaller alluvial fans when alluvial fans do develop.

著者

Yukiya TANAKA Yukinori MATSUKURA

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.2, pp.173-180, 1999-12-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

64

---

Although many studies of Korean pediments have been carried out and various opinions on the formation of the pediments have been proposed, the origin and formative processes of Korean pediments have not yet been clearly resolved. The present paper calls attention to the importance of making additional efforts to (1) resolve the relationships between periglacial processes and colluvial slope formation, and (2) to examine the formative processes of pediments based on the field or laboratory measurement of rock properties.

著者

Zhou LIN Takashi OGUCHI DUAN Fengjun

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.2, pp.181-192, 1999-12-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

9

被引用文献数

1 1

---

Using GIS data, the effects of topography and climate on the large-scale distribution of population and soil were examined for 20 regions in East and Southeast Asia. The results indicate that relationships between topography and population vary according to climate. Although population density decreases with increasing terrain height and slope in most regions, this correlation does not hold true in desert regions such as Mongol and western China, because the locations of residential areas highly depend on the local availability of water resources. In cold regions including the Tibetan Plateau, the effect of height on population density surpasses the effect of slope, because extremely cold highlands are unfavorable for living. In contrast, some tropical or sub-tropical highlands are densely populated reflecting a climate better than that in lowlands. The large-scale distribution of soil types is strongly dependent on climate which affects weathering and pedogenesis processes, especially in arid or tropical regions. In temperate and sub-tropical regions, however, topography also plays a significant role in determining soil distribution.

著者

Jun MATSUMOTO Kiyotoshi TAKAHASHI

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.2, pp.193-201, 1999-12-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

10

被引用文献数

10 11

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Regional differences of daily rainfall characteristics are examined during the East Asian summer monsoon season (May to August) over a 30-year (1961-90) period. It is found that the contribution of heavy rainfall with a daily total >50mm to total seasonal precipitation exceeds 50% around Taiwan, in the northwestern part of Kyushu Island, coastal Southwest Japan, and the southern coast of China. It exceeds 40% in northern Korea, the middle of the Yangtze and lower Huai-he River Basins. On the other hand, daily rainfall characteristics in Southwest, Northwest and North China are quite different from these regions. In Southwest China, although seasonal total precipitation is considerably large (>1000mm), the contribution of daily heavy rainfall to total precipitation is only less than 20% to the west of 105°E. In Northwest China, both total precipitation and contribution of daily heavy rainfall to total precipitation are small. In North China, precipitation by weak daily rainfall with a daily total <20mm is relatively high. The seasonal changes of heavy rainfall events are also examined. In general, the area of both maximum precipitation and heavy rainfall occurrence progresses northward from early June to late July in the major part of both East China and Japan in accordance with northward displacement of Baiu/Meiyu season. But some different features are found to the west of _??_110°E in China.

著者

Hideo YAMANOUCHI

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.1, pp.72-82, 1998-06-30 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

32

被引用文献数

7 10

---

In the Ryukyu Island Arc, bioclastic sands containing foraminifera, e. g. Baculogypsina and Calcarina with spines on their tests, are abundant in sands of beaches and reefs. Attrition of the spines of Baculogypsina and Calcarina clarifies habitat and dispersion of these foraminifera at Yoshihara reef in Ishigakijima, where water flow clearly exists due to a distinct channel in the reef flat. At Sesokojima reef where no distinct channel exists, the method of using the attrition of spines on these bioclastic sands is applicable for evaluating transport courses of the bioclastic sands. This method provides a clue to elucidate gain and loss of beach sands in reefal coasts of the Ryukyu Island Arc.

著者

Wataru MORISHIMA Takehiko MIKAMI

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.2, pp.85-99, 1998-12-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

30

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Interannual variations of summer rainfall over Asia and their associations with geopotential heights in the Northern Hemisphere, tropical convective activities and global sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies are investigated. The Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis is applied to the summer rainfall data (JJAS) at 220 stations from 1951 to 1991 in order to reveal the spatial structure and its temporal evolution in the interannual variation of summer rainfall over the Asian region including from India to East Asia. The EOF 1 is detected as the component associated with the Warm Event of ENSO. In other words, the spatial pattern and its time coefficients of EOF 1 indicate that the amount of precipitation decreases over India and the north of China in El Nina years. The EOF 2 has a spatial structure with the same sign from India to East Asia; in particular accompanied with large signals in the middle latitude of East Asia. The variations of these EOFs are connected with those of tropical convective activities and SST anomalies. The variation of EOF 1 is suggested to be associated with the movement of heat source from southeastern Tibet to the southwestern part of China from the correlation coefficients pattern both for the geopotential height fields and the OLR. On the other hand, the EOF 2 is related to variations of convective activities extending from the north of the Philippines to the eastward along 15°N, which are accompanied by negative correlation coefficients to the variation of SST anomalies from the South China Sea to the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean.

著者

Noboru HIDA José Guilherme MAIA Osamu SHIMMI Mario HIRAOKA Nobuaki MIZUTANI

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.2, pp.100-105, 1998-12-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

12

被引用文献数

2 3

著者

Canute VANDERMEER Jianhe LI

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.2, pp.106-120, 1998-12-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

32

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Much rice grows on land served by irrigation systems where water moves to fields through canals and ditches. Some irrigation systems have plenty of water. Others do not. This study examines three systems which almost every year experience moderate shortages of water and occasionally experience severe shortages. Water distribution within the systems is managed entirely by farmers. The water diversion structures on the canals and ditches are highly manipulatable. The farmers have devised water distribution procedures that are readily adaptable to the varying needs of fields and varying levels of water availability from place to place and time to time. Therefore, crop losses owing to water shortages have been minimal.

著者

Unryu SUGANUMA

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.2, pp.121-143, 1998-12-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

96

被引用文献数

1

---

China and Japan, as two superpowers in the Asian region, have one of most complicated foreign relations in centuries. Since the Chinese economic reform in 1978, Japan has provided financial assistance to China, making China the second largest country (behind Indonesia) to receive Japanese foreign aid in years. On the one hand, Japan has clear goals for its foreign aid programs based on geo-strategic considerations with respect to China. On the other hand, Japanese yen credit has often become a “souvenir” to soothe Sino-Japanese relations manipulated by both Japanese politicians and bureaucrats. Because of the both complicated geopolitical and geoeconomic relations between two countries, certain scholars have mistakenly concluded that the Japanese government does not rely upon predetermined motives when providing aid. This research, however, illustrates that Japanese yen credits to China have been a major geo-strategic tool of Japanese foreign policy of promoting Chinese economic reform.

著者

Keisuke MATSUI

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.1, pp.1-22, 1999-06-30 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

37

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In this paper, I have tried to clarify the regional differences in the mode of people's belief in the Kanamura Shrine between the outer and inner areas of its religious sphere. In the Toyosato district, a typical district of the inner area, Kanamura religious associations (ko) do not function as autonomous religious groups and are dependent upon other religious or administrative organizations, while the majority of the individual believers used to pray for the safety of soldiers before the war, and now pray for the safety of their own families. People in this area worshipped the Kanamura shrine not only as an efficacious deity but the tutelary status of the shrine. One of the factors causing people to regard the Kanamura Shrine as their tutelary deity is the close connection between the local communities and the shrine through the distribution of amulets and ceremonies in addition to people's visits to the shrine. In the Yoshikawa district, a typical district of the outer area, there are few individual believers but the Kanamura associations in this district have their own managers and members, and function independently of the ujiko, or other religious organizations. It is cleared that people in this area worshipped the Kanamura Shrine not as the tutelary deity but as a removed efficacious deity.

著者

Jun TSUTSUMI

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.1, pp.23-47, 1999-06-30 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

74

被引用文献数

1 2

---

This study provides a micro-level analysis of the relationship between land-use change and land-use decisions of agents in an urban land market. In this paper the land conversion process in Maebashi City, a medium-sized city with one core built-up area was investigated according to the stages of development in terms of land-use change, the number and kind of decision agents, and the mode of their own behavior. The Land Assessment Rolls housed in Maebashi City Hall were used to obtain land-ownership data. In accordance with urban growth, the number of agents and the types of their behavior generally increased. Moreover, the most important feature was that when development progressed to the next stage, the particular agents who only chose limited behavior during the earlier stages took a combination of several kinds of behavior in the same area. The reason for the change of their behavior can be considered as follows: The causes and conditions for their land-use decisions diversified due to the increase of the number of agents: 2) As a result of this diversification of decision-making, the choices for their behavior also diversified. In consequence, the behavior pattern itself became more complicated. Multiple kinds of behavior taken by one agent was a phenomenon only observed in the city center with high urban land demand. However, when urban structure changed due to urban growth, characteristic behavior of the later stages of development was also seen in the suburbs which were previously at an earlier stage of development.

著者

Takashi SUGITANI

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.1, pp.48-62, 1999-06-30 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

27

被引用文献数

1 1

---

The Tachiki (living trees) Trust movement against golf course development was begun by an association of urban consumers and farmers in Miyoshi Village. The consumers had a fear of chemical harm, a traditional viewpoint of the Japanese environmental movement. The farmers had the opinion that development was the wrong way to vitalize their village, which is a current viewpoint of regional planning. This study aimed to examine how those viewpoints were possessed by the nationwide contributors to the Tachiki Trust. A questionnaire survey revealed that the main force of the contributors were females born during the wartime and the postwar baby-boom, who became aware of chemical harm by having children and by doing domestic duties during the decade from 1975. The contributors had both strong affection for the wilderness and new values as to the true vitalization together with conservation. They regarded the Tachiki Trust as an urgent and transitional method to conserve nature.

著者

Koji KOBAYASHI

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.70, no.2, pp.95-114, 1997-12-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

26

---

This study has attempted to describe some of the regional planning issues that have been developed and executed as well as illustrating some regional problems that have arisen in the former East Germany. Features of regional planning achieved in the former East Germany includes the following: 1) a major effort has been made to provide efficient access between the former East and West Germany; 2) the resolution of many conflicts faced by the two former regions is being addressed in regional plans that have incorporated many of the unique, positive elements that still persist in the former East Germany; and, 3) major efforts are being taken to coordinate and integrate reciprocal regional planning issues with the neighboring East European nations. At the same time, however, various regional problems within the former East Germany have arisen. The main issues are a drastic decline in services in rural areas, the spread of urban sprawl in the cities and suburbs, delays in urban redevelopment projects, and the collapse of industrial areas.

著者

Jörg MAIER Volker DITTMEIER

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.70, no.2, pp.115-125, 1997-12-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

6

---

The Central European states experience a tremendous pressure to adapt and likewise demonstrate the respective structural changes in the light of the transition process. There is continuous change of economic structures in an open liberal economic order. However, this change runs smoothly in comparison to the transition states, in which abrupt falls in industrial production could be seen. In West Bohemia-the area under investigation-this economic structural rupture comes to the fore in the form of a decline of importance of agriculture and industry resulting from the long and extensive privatisation process. The economic structural rupture is also characterised by the growing relevance of the service sector, which was strengthened by the successful small-scale privatisation process and the trend to establish new businesses. When one takes the growing importance of services within industrial businesses into consideration, this tertiary process is even reinforced. Considering the population development in West Bohemia after 1990 as well as the economic structural changes, the border districts of Cheb and Tachov in particular show population growth. The border opening brought about a revial of trade and services (and thus settlement) particularly in the border crossing region towards Bavaria. The Aš area and Tachov region provide a good example of this. Although the net population of West Bohemia has increased since 1990, the population of former growth centers, i.e., towns of more than 5, 000 citizens, show fairly high migration losses.

著者

Peter MEUSBURGER

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.70, no.2, pp.126-143, 1997-12-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

42

被引用文献数

6

---

This paper argues that Marxism created new forms of inequality but was not able to abolish many of the old inequalities inherited from capitalism. The legacy of history, social and spatial division of labor, the hierarchy of control in large organizations and power relations proved to be stronger than the Marxist ideology, the abolishment of private ownership, the nationalization of the economy, central planning and all other instruments of Marxism that were meant to create equality and a “new socialist human being”. The author claims that an authoritarian and dogmatic ideology such as Marxism inevitably creates structures of organization where power and decision-making are extremely centralized. Furthermore the so-called “administrative allocation” of scarce resources and the way in which the leading party members were recruited contributed to the centralization of power and high-ranking decision making. In this bureaucratic competition for scarce resources the “periphery” had almost no chance. The image of “greater equality in socialism” was constructed by propaganda and by the communist monopoly over mass media, scientific publications, statistics and public education. In the empirical part the author discusses three examples of inequalities in communist systems: the spatial concentration of highly qualified jobs, gender disparities in the labor market and the inequalities experienced by gypsies. The third chapter deals with the new spatial patterns of inequality emerging in the first period of the transformation process to a market economy.