著者

岩本 純明

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究 (ISSN:13408240)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.1, pp.9-20, 1998 (Released:2013-05-22)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

2

---

It is generally recognized that commons have played a key role in English village life.Three types of rights ― such as ownership, common right and public rights of access ―overlap each other on the same lands. After the mid-nineteenth century a social movement led by the urban middle class has been developed claiming public rights of access to the common lands for air and exercise. This paper analyzes the historical process and the significance of the movement. The Commons Preservation Society (now The Open Spaces Society) has been tackling access issues persistently over a century. The Society aimed at not only the protection of common rights from enclosure but the opening of commons for the public enjoyment. The aim was partially realized after a series of Commons Acts in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The Metropolitan Commons Act 1866 was the first step in protecting urban commons from enclosure and claimed their preservation as open spaces. The Law of Property Act 1925 established the public rights of access to metropolitan commons for the first time. The Act strictly forbade owners to erect any building or fence whereby access was prevented or impeded. The public now have access rights to areas amounting to about 20 per cent of the whole common lands. The author regards it epoch-making that the general right of public access has been established on a wide range of open country in Britain. Through this process the legal structure of commons has changed its individual characteristic and accepted the concept of the right of access by public at large.

著者

黒柳 晴夫

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究 (ISSN:13408240)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.1, pp.60-61, 2002

著者

鈴木 俊

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究 (ISSN:13408240)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.1, pp.21-32, 1997 (Released:2013-04-12)

参考文献数

18

---

The paddy rice production in Heilongjiang Province recorded only 0.8million tons with the area of some 0.21 million ha. in 1980, but increased up to 4.24 million tons with 0.74 million ha. in 1993. There are several reasons for this increment, but the most salient one could be due to “the introduction of paddy nursery technique in upland bed” which was developed in Japan. Further more this technique was also extended to Jilin and Liaoning Province after 6 years of its first introduction, and this changed these provinces from millet and milo production to paddy rice producing areas. Moreover, the Federal Government had started to disseminate this technique to 3 major areas of Northern China since 1990, and has been getting good result. But these brilliant successes of this technology transfer is known among a very few people in Japan. This paper attempts to clarify the structure and method of the technology transfer. This study was carried out by visiting Hokkaido to make interview with the person who has been working for this technology transfer, and also to Heilongjiang Province. The study examined the following items:(1) contents and characteristics of the technique transferred, (2) the structure and method of primary/international transfer, (3) outline of Heilongjiang Province agriculture with reference to paddy production, (4) the structure and method of secondary/domestic transfer. After analyzing various data, the author clarified the structure, method and route of the transfer, and also problems and issues of the technology transfer system in Heilongjiang Province. It is considered that the result of this study will be able to contribute to improve the structure and methods of technology transfer in some other areas of China or developing countries.

著者

木下 謙治

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究 (ISSN:13408240)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.2, pp.1-6, 2006 (Released:2013-11-02)

参考文献数

21

---

My research career consists of four stages. In the first stage (about from 1953 to 1970),my main interest of the research had been placed on theoritical studies of Japanese village community (Mura). At the second stage (about from 1970 to 1985), under the influences of drastic change of rural society and its effect on rural sociology, I gradually diverted research interest from rural studies to family sociology. Speaking of rural studies through this time, I mainly engaged in practical surveys of rural problems. Interest of the studies in the third and fourth stages are almost same direction with second stage. If adding something another through these stages, rural community as an ideal or purposive concept has been becoming one of important perspectives of my rural studies.

著者

我孫子 麟 磯辺 俊彦 柿崎 京一

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究 (ISSN:13408240)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.2, pp.37-54, 2007-03

著者

筒井 一伸 今里 悟之

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究 (ISSN:13408240)

巻号頁・発行日

no.42, pp.301-317, 2006-10

著者

名本 光男

出版者

日本村落研究学会

雑誌

村落社会研究 (ISSN:13408240)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.2, pp.8-18, 1996 (Released:2013-03-12)

参考文献数

28

---

This study discusses various survival strategies adopted by a village in a newly reclaimed rice field area of Tsugaru in northern Japan, where the farmers have long suffered from crop failure and famine. The way social relationships between individuals and between groups in the village functioned in various survival strategies are diachronically examined. A swamp along the lower Iwaki river was developed extensively in the Edo era by the Tsugaru-han (the feudal clan) to make new rice fields. Because of low productivity and unstable harvest in the newly reclaimed rice fields, Shinden-byakusho, the immigrant farmers who settled in the region,had to support themselves by working away from home. Such subsistence can be named as “sally type” or “base type”. Even such lifeway was, however, destroyed by frequent crop failure and famine. After each famine, new villages were reestablished by new immigrant farmers. With this historical background, the social relationships between villagers are voluntary and flexible. They are an accumulation of lateral social connections, rather than a stratified vertical relationship. Such social groups have supported the “sally” or “base” type life of the rural society, which relies on one-crop agriculture and cash income by labor away from the village. These groups function in adjusting the social relationships in the village, while their flexible nature allow people to escape the village when necessary.