著者

瀬尾 崇

出版者

経済理論学会

雑誌

季刊経済理論 (ISSN:18825184)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.4, pp.76-82, 2011-01-20 (Released:2017-04-25)

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The 'Neo-Schumpeterian' school is a general term of a researchers group who has been discussing theoretical and empirical development on the Schumpeter's vision of 'Economic Evolution'. This vision is formulated from Marx's vision of dynamic process of Capitalist Economy. Hence, introduction about Neo-Schumpeterian research tendency here gives many hints to modern Marxian economics that goes toward new course of research about an evolution of capitalism and an institutional analysis. We set here three original points at issue refer to Marx's and Schumpeter's 'Economic Evolution', and consider those points while referring to the great work of Hanusch and Pyka, eds. (2007). The first point is on the analytical view of 'Micro-Meso-Macro'. Two main problems are (1)how to place the meso domain and (2)how to examine it concretely. The meso domain plays a roll that connects mutually micro individual decision making/ behavior with macro outcomes, and actualizes 'Economic Evolution' through the process of 'origination → adoption → retention'. The Second point is on recent developments of ways of model building on the process of competition. The evolutionary models of competition process have been investigating since a monumental achievement Nelson and Winter (1982). Now, new various tools-replicator dynamics, evolutionary game theory and agent-based simulation-are introduced and still develop the old models. It is the strong point for Neo-Schumpeterian economics that these tools can cope with diverse aspects of 'Economic Evolution'. The third point is on the 'History-Friendly' approach as a mediator between a theoretical research and an empirical research. When we understand capitalist economy as an evolving economic system, we use enormous historical and institutional research outcomes accumulated by past Marxian economics. Furthermore, this approach will contribute to new theoretical research programs about modern Marxian economics. In the final section, we conclude some meanings of Neo-Schumpeterian contributions for modern Marxian economics and present some problems to be solved.

著者

西 洋

出版者

経済理論学会

雑誌

季刊経済理論 (ISSN:18825184)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.3, pp.67-78, 2010-10-20 (Released:2017-04-25)

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This paper examines income distribution and demand formation pattern of the Japanese economy. The VAR model is a time series model which does not depend on a particular economic theory, and theoretical stance of the analyst can be found in variables included in the model or evaluation of the result. In this paper, post-Keynesian model is used for theoretical reference. The post-Keynesian model has revealed the mechanism of wage- and profit-led growth regimes, so far. It is theoretically well known that under what conditions they can be realized. However, it is only from empirical analysis that we can distinguish which regime is more dominant in each era or in each country. This issue has been examined especially for European and American economies, but there are few studies on the Japanese economy. Moreover, post-Keynesian growth and distribution theory emphasizes the dynamic linkage among income distribution, demand component and aggregate demand, but using this viewpoint is quite important in order to understand the causes of the recent Japanese low economic growth. In fact, many have remarked that up-down of wage share, stagnation of consumption, and cyclical behavior of investment and export are determinants of the recent Japanese macroeconomic performance. Taking into consideration the fact that such performance fits exactly the post-Keynesian viewpoint, and many factors concern this macroeconomic performance via interdependent manner, we can consider that the VAR model is a useful tool for examining our purpose. Therefore, this paper estimates a VAR model which includes income distribution, growth rate of consumption, export demand, GDP, and capital accumulation rate. Based on the impulse-response function and variance decomposition, we present an empirical investigation of the Japanese macroeconomic performance. Our results say that the profit-led demand formation pattern was dominant during 1985 and 2008 in the Japanese economy. In this regime, both domestic and external demands present positive relationship with GDP growth. That is, these demand components have a possibility to expand economic growth. In the bubble periods, active consumption and investment realized with rise in asset price and improvement of economic outlook sustained a favorable macroeconomic performance. On the contrary, after bubble burst, a rise in labor share did not maintain consumption demand, and investment demand also stagnated due to deterioration of profitability, stock adjustment and credit crunch. As a result, macroeconomic performance was not sustainable one. Hence, it can be said that the Japanese economy failed to realize a domestic demand-led growth since the 1990s. After 2002, export demand expanded while profit share recovered, which induced expansion of investment. As a result, led by the external demand the Japanese macroeconomic performance turned to a favorable performance until the Subprime shock.

著者

海老塚 明

出版者

経済理論学会

雑誌

季刊経済理論 (ISSN:18825184)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.4, pp.111-113, 2015-01-20 (Released:2017-04-25)

著者

渡辺 幹雄

出版者

経済理論学会

雑誌

季刊経済理論 (ISSN:18825184)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, no.4, pp.41-66, 2008

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In this paper, I'll show that Rawls's A Theory of Justice (1971) includes a hidden purpose, which is, the purpose to set out the framework of some kind of liberal communism. First, I make clear the failure of his 'moral geometry' and its ideological character. Second, I situate his concept of justice in the history of it. According to this, it turns out that his theory of justice can not be the universal and neutral moral science, but presupposes certain ideology from the beginning. Rawlsian justice does include some communistic aspects ex ante. In section 3, I discuss the distinctiveness of his theory in view of what is called 'a fixed point of our moral judgments.' It is a fundamentalistic foundation of his theory of justice, from which his principles of justice, especially the difference principle, are derived indeed. The original position and veil of ignorance are all the device to disguise that fact. Next, I argue that Rawls intentionally neglects a controversial theme, id est, 'Work-Ownership Thesis.' Despite the fact that Work-Ownership Thesis is a widely accepted belief, he has never discussed it. It's because that thesis sharply conflicts with the fixed point he exposes, and so, its acceptance would make it impossible for him to derive the difference principle. Furthermore, a simple neglect of the thesis means that the difference principle is a highly communistic principle. For it is only in the highly achieved communistic society that the thesis can be perfectly neglected. In section 5, I prove that the difference principle thus derived is both irrational and unreasonable. This is explained as the result of making one fixed point of our moral judgments absolute, and so losing the balance with some other fixed points that Rawls doesn't take up. Upon preceding arguments, in the last section 6, I conclude that it is very dangerous for one to make his favorite moral judgments absolute without thinking much of other ones. His judgments as such are just his own personal judgments, or indeed prejudices, that he expects his readers to accept, and the lack of balance will lead to a political disaster.

著者

石倉 雅男

出版者

経済理論学会

雑誌

季刊経済理論 (ISSN:18825184)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.49, no.1, pp.85-87, 2012

著者

田中 英明

出版者

経済理論学会

雑誌

季刊経済理論 (ISSN:18825184)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.2, pp.80-82, 2013

著者

小林 陽介

出版者

経済理論学会

雑誌

季刊経済理論 (ISSN:18825184)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.49, no.3, pp.90-95, 2012-10-20

被引用文献数

1

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Recently there has been a great deal of research generated focusing on the Financialization-Approach. However, most of the literature on financialization emphasizes the influence of the financial sector, and pays less attention to the real economy. This paper examines how to bring the dynamism of real economy into the Financialization- Approach. Firstly, I investigate the relationship between corporations and finance, focusing on the literature of corporate governance. According to the research by Lazonick and O'Sullivan, the management strategy of U.S. corporations changed from "retain and reinvest" to "downsize and distribute" after the 1980s. U.S. corporations reduced their employment, and distributed cash to stockholders, and increased dividend payments and stock repurchases to raise their stock prices. This change arose from the formation of the "market for corporate control", which is explained mainly from the following: 1) Worsening performance of corporations and agency theory, 2) Increase of the stock holding by institutional investors, and 3) Development of junk bond market. However, this change is explained only from the influence of finance. The activeness of corporations is ignored. Secondly, I investigate the situation that U.S. corporations faced in 1980s to focus on the corporate action. They faced the shift in industrial structure. Key industries, such as steel, automobile and household electronic appliances, lost competitive power, while high-technology, energy and service industries maintained competitive power. Many corporations restructured their business formations to adapt to this shift by mergers and acquisitions. While raising stock prices is a result of financial influence in the literature of financialization, raising stock prices has a positive meaning for companies which perform mergers and acquisitions. Companies can perform mergers and acquisitions advantageously when their stock prices are high. Increase of dividend payments and stock repurchases can be understood to be a result of corporate action which adapts to the shift in industrial structure by mergers and acquisitions. Finally, I discuss the corporate image which should be included in the Financialization-Approach. The corporation should be assumed the active one which pursues profits, not the passive one assumed in the former literature. This is the starting point of an attempt to bring the dynamism of real economy into the Financialization-Approach.

著者

二宮 健史郎

出版者

経済理論学会

雑誌

季刊経済理論 (ISSN:18825184)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.4, pp.83-95, 2015-01-20

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The recent international monetary crisis, triggered by the 2008 subprime loan crisis in the US, still casts a dark shadow over the world economy. Owing to this upheaval, the financial instability hypothesis proposed by heterodox economist Hyman P. Minsky has received renewed attention. Many mainstream economists admire Minsky's keen insight. The financial instability hypothesis and the formal mathematical models on related topics treat the cumulative debt burden as one of the causes of financial instability. In addition, the Kaleckian and stock-flow consistent models, which explicitly consider interest-bearing debt burden, have, in recent years, been extensively developed. Ninomiya and Tokuda (2011, 2012) introduced the concept of "instability of confidence" and examined the structural change of an economy. In this study, we construct macro-dynamic models that consider interest-bearing debt burdens and the instability of confidence. Furthermore, we examine financial instability and cycles based on the financial instability hypothesis and related mathematical models. This study highlights the following items as significant causes of economic instability: 1)cumulative interest-bearing debt burdens; 2)fragile financial structures; 3)and the instability of confidence. In other words, a robust financial structure plays an important role in addressing a crisis of confidence. This study also suggests that the recent policy of quantitative easing may exert harmful side effects on the economy. This study implies that some new policies and institutional frameworks are needed to construct a robust financial structure. Furthermore, we can prove that there are closed orbits in the dynamic systems by applying Hopf bifurcation theorem. Interest-bearing debt plays important role in terms of financial cycles in this study. The degree of the instability of confidence also has an important role for one of the financial cycles in this study. The financial cycles in this study are quite different from the Kaldorian business cycle.

著者

青柳 和身

出版者

経済理論学会

雑誌

季刊経済理論 (ISSN:18825184)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.48, no.3, pp.102-104, 2011-10-20

著者

楊枝 嗣朗

出版者

経済理論学会

雑誌

季刊経済理論 (ISSN:18825184)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.2, pp.5-14, 2008

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The thought of independence of central banking was generally accepted during 1990s. And then the relationship between money and state has hardly occupied the interest of monetary economists. Some of them emphasised that the central banking does not have any administrative power. Therefore, the query why the government must ultimately take the responsibility for the stability of financial system and why the central bank must contribute to it through the prudential policy, have not been drked theoretically. In the meantime the Free Banking School has insisted the abolition of the central bank because the central bank-money is state fiat money. And the Cartalists like L. R. Wray, S. Bell, and C. A. E. Goodhart have attached the importance of ties between money and state, and therefore they have been worried about the future of Euro money due to breaking its bond with governments. We understand the ties between money and government are essential; otherwise the capitalistic credit monies could not have been developed. Since private credit monies circulated among merchants and traders in modern times, state monies like coins became just small changes for private credit monies. In consequence governments lost the ability of raising fund to a great extent. There were no way other than accepting private credit monies as means of tax-payment to raise fund. Such an intervention by government assisted private credit monies to circulate all over their country. The central bank currency contributed to reduce the costs of commercial transactions and of tax-collection too. From the above point of view we inquire the relationship between money and state, and why a central bank has "the ambiguous presence as a semi-governmental corporation".

著者

石塚 良次

出版者

経済理論学会

雑誌

季刊経済理論 (ISSN:18825184)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.48, no.2, pp.6-16, 2011

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1) Theory of alienation and concept of subject The purpose of this paper is to discuss on how Wataru Hiromatsu's theory of reification contributes development of economics. He conceptualized transition from the early to the late Marx as 'from the theory of alienation to the theory of reification'. This transition isn't just in wording but the change in paradigm. The alienation theory presupposes the subject-object schema, because alienation originally meant the process in which human essence spilled out into object (objectification), and the object turning against the subject as a hostile and alien force (alienation). The whole alienation theory had to be abandoned once the subject-object schema was abandoned, and got relationalist worldview in which the relation is given ontological priority. According to Hiromatsu, Marx's Labor Theory of Value does not presuppose subject/object schema, but reification theory. Traditional Marxian economists insist that each commodity have inherent value because worker (subject) embodied or materialized his abstract labor, substance of value, to commodity (object). But substance of value is not prior to exchange relations, but reification of relationship between persons and things. Value is not just relations (or idea) but reificated relations. Commodity producers treat as if value is something substantial inherent to individual commodity. It is not just illusion, but social fact (Emile Durkheim) with sozialen Macht (Marx). We need to sublate (aufheben) both the 'society substantialism'-'individual substantialism'. 2) The game theoretic approach to Marxian theory of alienation Tadasu Matsuo attempts to reconstruct Marx's theoretical system as the alienation theory, which, in turn, interpreted in terms of game theory, neoclassical framework. Game theory provides a model for social institutions and cooperation between individuals. It assumes that people are rational actors. But we don't think this theoretical framework does explain social norm as it really is. Social norm is not something rationally selected. Rational actors are not real agent but theoretical fictions. Matsuo stand on the side of 'individual substantialism', we mentioned above. 3) Criminal liability and rational agent Criminal law refers a theoretical person in the society who shows average judgment, because only rational person can be liable. If he or she does not intend to do it, he or she is not guilty. Crime is not just a bodily movement but must be voluntary act droved by inherent motivation, criminal intent. But this kind of view is very modern, not historically universal. The reason why criminal law require fictional agent is very similar to economics. One of the basic facts of modern psychology is that ultimate driving force behind human behavior is not free will but involuntary unconsciousness. 4) Economics and evaluational agent Assumption of homoeconomicus received a lot of criticism, because of its unreality. Actually, it is not empirical notion but axiom of neoclassical microeconomics. Economics is not only empirical science but also normative science, making economic policy. So you need theoretical benchmark to judge its adequacy. Subject in the theory of alienation is equivalent of homoeconomics in neoclassical microeconomics. Both theory adopt methodological individualism, so benchmark must be individual, rational agent. 5) Unalienated society? Matsuo considers unalienated society, depending each other with mutual consent, is desirable. But it is not feasible and desirable. We should rather accept minimum level reification.

著者

阿部 浩之

出版者

経済理論学会

雑誌

季刊経済理論 (ISSN:18825184)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.2, pp.64-76, 2010-07-20

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Today, as the market economy progresses, fields such as family care, nursing care, medical care, and childcare are transacted as interpersonal service labor in the market, and wage laborers are becoming increasingly in charge of such services. With regards to this trend, the concept of emotional labor was proposed by Hochschild as something that expresses a feature of interpersonal service labor in contemporary capitalism. Emotional labor aims to create an appropriate mental state in the targeted people (Hochschild). In interpersonal service labor, emotional labor is used for smoothly performing the work concerned, and it is often an essential factor. Emotional labor can be discussed as a series of labor processes consisting of three phases: (1) the emotion of the laborers toward customers; (2) acting as a visible expression of emotion; and (3) the emotion of customers that receive the service concerned. In discussions that focus on emotion, emotion management has often been considered a skill in emotional labor, and it is necessary to pay more attention to (2) acting as a visible expression of emotion. In a wide sense of general labor, emotional labor is performed in the form of nursing care or the like as part of household work. When it becomes associated with commodity economy, interpersonal service takes the form of article of commerce, and it may be provided in the form of selfemployment (for example practicing psychiatrist and psychological counselor), or it may be provided as wage-labor. Even in the same wage labor, there are qualitative differences between emotional labor in standardized customer service that is regulated by a manual, as is represented by fast food restaurant service (type A) and emotional labor by nursing/care personnel or the like (type B). In type B, it is difficult to complete service just by combining surface acting; instead it requires deep acting, unlike type A. In emotional labor by nursing/care personnel or the like (type B), it is necessary to consider the situation in which laborers and customers face each other in the form of multiple laborers versus multiple customers; and group-to-group, instead of one-to-one or individual-to-individual. Since Hochschild's proposal, emotional labor, which has tended to be discussed from the viewpoint of individual-to-individual, needs to be reevaluated from the viewpoint of group-to-group, with capitalistic labor organizations in mind. In emotional labor performed by a labor organization, acting becomes rather theatrical; or in other words, emotional labor is performed cooperatively. While taking a theatrical structure, emotional labor progresses qualitatively. Discussions on emotional labor are considered to have abundant possibilities to elucidate what kinds of features are possessed by labor power that is a commodity closely related to character, and how labor power commodities are formed and function in capitalism.

著者

佐々木 啓明

出版者

経済理論学会

雑誌

季刊経済理論 (ISSN:18825184)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.4, pp.19-29, 2011-01-20

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This paper explains short-run, medium-run, and long-run analysis by using a Kaleckian model of growth, distribution, and employment. The three runs are classified depending on what variables are adjusted in the run in question. Many studies do not deal with the three runs consistently, and as such, the main purpose of the paper is to expound the interrelations among three runs in the Kaleckian model. In the short run, the rate of capacity utilization (and the profit share in some cases) becomes an endogenous variable, in the medium run, the rate of employment becomes an endogenous variable, and in the long run, the normal rate of capacity utilization and the expected rate of capital accumulation are endogenous variables. The paper shows that not only in the shortrun equilibrium but also in the medium-run and long-run equilibria, we obtain typical Kaleckian results such as the paradox of thrift, the stagnationist regime, and the wage-led growth regime: the paradox of thrift means that an increase in capitalists' propensity to save lowers the rate of capital accumulation; the stagnationist regime means that an increase in the profit share lowers the rate of capacity utilization; and the wage-led growth regime means that an increase in the profit share lowers the rate of capital accumulation. Moreover, the paper shows that in the long run, different initial values of the endogenous variables produce different long-run equilibrium values. Therefore, the long-run equilibrium exhibits pathdependency.

著者

高田 太久吉

出版者

経済理論学会

雑誌

季刊経済理論 (ISSN:18825184)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.1, pp.4, 2018 (Released:2020-04-13)

著者

松尾 匡

出版者

経済理論学会

雑誌

季刊経済理論 (ISSN:18825184)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.1, pp.57-62, 2004-04-20 (Released:2017-04-25)

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This paper critically deals with an Analytical Marxian Professor Yoshihara's two critiques against the Fundamental Marxian Theorem. One is the possibility of positive profit without positive exploitation, under the condition of joint production and laborer's consumption choice. The other is so-called Generalized Commodity Exploitation Theorem, which claims value and exploitaion concept can be defined for all commodities not only for labor and thus positive profit is identical with exploitation of any commodity not only of labor. I shall show the former demonstration is wrong because it needs negative net production. If we limit net production to be non-negative and permit disposal, then the exploitation of his case turns to be positive. To answer the latter critique, we shall examine the dual system of the value equations and their corresponding optimization problem or utility function. Then we can confirm that if we define net production as the commodities disposable for human being or if we define utility function as that of human being, then the value concept consistent with the presupposition must be labor value and exploitaion concept must be that of labor.

著者

田中 宏

出版者

経済理論学会

雑誌

季刊経済理論 (ISSN:18825184)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.2, pp.31-41, 2015-07-20 (Released:2017-07-03)

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Does Hungary, one small EU member country located in the Central Eastern Europe, metamorphose into state capitalism? To study his topic is a main task of this paper. This task makes us, however, realize that almost any one did not recognize in the 1990s where Hungary would arrive at through the systemic transformation and preparing for joining the EU, with becoming aware that Hungary had four systemic change tasks to be solved: restoring the national independence and sovereignty, political democratization, joining the EU and transforming into a market economy. More than two decades of transformative struggles show us that capitalisms in Central Easter Europe seem to have been converted into a diff erent type of capitalism from those in Western Europe and that Hungarian capitalism becomes a different type among Central East European countries in many terms. The unorthodox economic reforms and policies implemented by Fidesz governmental party and its leader Victor Orban after 2010 are not only called 'Orbanomics', but also criticized as state capitalism both inside and outside of Hungary. This paper sheds light on whether and in what terms Hungary is turned into state capitalism. The second part of this paper, following the introduction, first, conducts book and literature reviews, second, discusses state capitalism in the 19th century and 20th century, and then defines state capitalism 3.0 in the 21st century, characterizing its particular features of newly and successfully entering into the world market, and multi-nationalizing of firms with the various helps and supports by the state organs and institutions. The third part describes actual historical processes of the systemic transformation in Hungarian economy from the end of 1980s till the beginning of 2010s, focusing on significant influences upon Hungarian economy exercised by the EU integration, Global Financial and Economic Crisis, and Euro Crisis along with the results of national election every four years. And then the fourth part, uncovering emergent relationships between the state and economic-business circles, examines activities of Hungarian emerging multinationals and re-nationalization movements of firms and public services. Finally, the fourth part reaches conclusions and considers some implications for further studies concerning on this topic. The conclusions summerize characteristic features of Hungarian economy as state capitalism in terms that the state has changed and expanded its role in economic development and interventions, like suspending functions of checks & balances on the state activities, giving (un)preferential treatments to specific groups, increasing the state ownership's share, increasing influences of the state upon newly emerging sectors, abolishing decentralised decision-making, centralizing decision-making and thier competences, changing institutional frameworks of regulations, increasing state-regulations of prices, increasing state regulations and state-capitals especially in the financial sectors, and moving public service activities from under market norms to under the state management and regulations. It reveals legacies of state socialism and traces of neo-liberal type of privatization and market liberalization, providing the evidences to show state capitalism 3.0 in Hungary. In addition it includes new unconventional features of taking special tax measures and regulations on bank-financial sectors. And finally, the paper reconfirms the necessity to look at Hungarian capitalism not only from the state capitalism perspective, but also from the mixed multiple perspectives.

著者

村上 弘毅

出版者

経済理論学会

雑誌

季刊経済理論 (ISSN:18825184)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.2, pp.26, 2018 (Released:2020-07-13)

著者

斎藤 幸平

出版者

経済理論学会

雑誌

季刊経済理論 (ISSN:18825184)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.2, pp.6, 2020 (Released:2023-01-10)

著者

和田 幸子

出版者

経済理論学会

雑誌

季刊経済理論 (ISSN:18825184)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.48, no.2, pp.111-113, 2011-07-20 (Released:2017-04-25)

著者

足立 眞理子

出版者

経済理論学会

雑誌

季刊経済理論 (ISSN:18825184)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.3, pp.6-21, 2010-10-20 (Released:2017-04-25)

被引用文献数

1

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This paper takes a Marxist Feminist perspective to consider how the newly established field of Feminist Economics of the 1990s extended into labor theory. The debate on S. Himmelweit's 1995 extension of feminist economics to labor theory rested on three conditions defining the concept of labor: the generation of opportunity cost, the social division of labor, and third party substitution. According to Himmelweit, if all three conditions are present, one can define the situation as "labor." This serves as the basis of today's feminist economics. The debate, however, centers on the concept of "caring." The concept of caring is in itself a critique of the modernist dualist system of economics that poses "labor" against "non-labor." At the same time, only the concept of care contains the possibility of alienation from the concept of labor because the condition of third-party substitution is not necessarily satisfied. However, this method means simultaneously specified regardless of the criticism to capitalist market economy which the Marxist feminism mainly described. This argument takes the feminist concept of unpaid labor as socially necessary labor to social reproduction. Today we have reached a new concept of reproductive labor. But this concept was arrived at by cutting off the critique of the capitalist market economy which is the source of Marxist Feminist thought. The reason is because the concept of labor was influenced by the English Rubin School's interpretation of labor theory, which was the standard for Marxism in the West. In this paper I will newly elucidate the concept of labor by including the critique of the capitalist market economy which has long been the theme of Marxist Feminism. I do this by clarifying the points of difference in "value" of the labor force for Marx and the classical school's regular equilibrium theory, especially considering the contrast with Ricardo. And, as a response to questions raised by Marxist Feminism, I further argue that unlike classical economics which takes the family unit for its basis, the Marx model is non-converging, based on 'the individual and his/her own child' what one might call the 'single parent model.' I open the argument by a broad discussion of what the Uno School terms as 'muri' in the commodification of labor power in relation to the Marx model. That is, I clarify a theoretical contribution of Marxist feminism, the relative autonomy and articulation between the productive sphere and the reproductive sphere. That is, I argue that 'muri' exists not only in the commodification of labor, but also in the pre-commodification stage as well as in the stage after commodification. One could say that the theorization of history in Marxian analysis is analogous in value to feminist and gender analysis of contemporary globalization.