著者

Hiroaki Eshima

出版者

The Japanese Society of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine

雑誌

The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine (ISSN:21868131)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.5, pp.199-204, 2020-09-25 (Released:2020-09-16)

参考文献数

42

被引用文献数

2

---

Obesity and aging reduce skeletal muscle contractile function, which represents a reduction in muscle quality. Dysfunction of muscle contraction may contribute to a greater risk for diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer; therefore, the synergistic effects of obesity and aging on muscle function may exacerbate morbidity and mortality. However, evidence directly examining the synergistic effects of obesity and aging on muscle contractile function is lacking and controversial. We recently demonstrated that diet-induced obesity significantly exacerbates contractile dysfunction in aged skeletal muscle. The focus of this review is the effects of obesity on muscle contractile dysfunction in skeletal muscle, particularly during aging.

著者

Riho Komatsuzawa Teruo Miyazaki Hajime Ohmori Chitose Maruyama Stephen W. Schaffer Shigeru Murakami Takashi Ito

出版者

The Japanese Society of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine

雑誌

The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine (ISSN:21868131)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.4, pp.165-171, 2020-07-25 (Released:2020-07-15)

参考文献数

28

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The amount of taurine and taurine derivatives in the body is affected by various diseases and physiological events, such as exercise. However, there is little information about possible changes in taurine distribution within tissue. In the present study, we examined whether matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS) can be used to determine the effect of exercise on the distribution and content of taurine and acetyltaurine, a taurine derivative present in skeletal muscle. Using 9-aminoacridine to detect the amino acids in tissue samples, the content of taurine and acetyltaurine in homogenates of skeletal muscle was measured by MALDI-IMS. While the intrinsic levels of taurine in skeletal muscle tissue were adequate to be detected by MALDI-IMS, that of acetyltaurine was not observed. Following 120-min of treadmill running (20m/min), taurine content of soleus and plantaris muscles significantly declined. In the gastrocnemius muscle, taurine content is higher in slow-twitch fiber than fast-twitch fiber. However, the taurine content was not significantly changed by treadmill running in both fast- and slow-twitch fiber of the gastrocnemius muscle. In conclusion, MALDI-IMS using 9-aminoacridine as a matrix could detect the distribution of taurine in skeletal muscle before and after exercise.

著者

Katsuo Fujiwara

出版者

The Japanese Society of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine

雑誌

The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine (ISSN:21868131)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.2, pp.155-161, 2013-05-25 (Released:2013-06-21)

参考文献数

48

被引用文献数

2 3

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Many researchers have analyzed dynamic postural control during voluntary arm movements and floor translation, focusing on the anticipatory activation of postural muscles in which the function of frontal lobe is involved. In this review, I address the postural muscle activation preceding arm movements, and consider the effect of arm movement dynamics, behavioral condition, postural set and postural movement pattern. I also address the anticipatory postural control during transient or periodical floor translations, and consider motor preparation, attentional allocation, and the use of event-related brain potentials to investigate frontal lobe activation.

著者

Hiroaki Eshima David C Poole Yutaka Kano

出版者

The Japanese Society of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine

雑誌

The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine (ISSN:21868131)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.4, pp.205-211, 2018-07-25 (Released:2018-07-18)

参考文献数

57

被引用文献数

1

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In skeletal muscle, resting cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]cyto) homeostasis is exquisitely regulated by Ca2+ transport across the sarcolemmal, mitochondrial and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membranes. Specifically, skeletal muscle contractile function is critically dependent on effective SR Ca2+ handling. However, more recent studies have revealed that mitochondria are essentially involved in [Ca2+]cyto homeostasis during and following muscle contractions. We recently provided substantial support for the mitochondria as a major site for Ca2+ sequestration in skeletal muscle during recovery from fatiguing tetanic contractions under in vivo conditions. This review provides an overview of the role of skeletal muscle mitochondria in [Ca2+]cyto regulation in vivo during and following muscle contractions.

著者

Koichiro Azuma Yusuke Osawa Shogo Tabata Fuminori Katsukawa Hiroyuki Ishida Yuko Oguma Toshihide Kawai Hiroshi Itoh Shigeo Okuda Shuji Oguchi Atsumi Ohta Haruhito Kikuchi Mitsuru Murata Hideo Matsumoto

出版者

一般社団法人日本体力医学会

雑誌

The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine (ISSN:21868131)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, no.2, pp.103-110, 2017-03-25 (Released:2017-03-19)

参考文献数

27

被引用文献数

3

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High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has recently received much attention as a new option for aerobic training. Despite its smaller time requirement, HIIT has been reported to have a greater effect than continuous moderate-intensity training on fat loss, especially a decrease in truncal adiposity. We therefore examined whether long-term HIIT preferentially modulates truncal adiposity rather than peripheral adiposity, especially thigh adiposity, where local muscle energy consumption increased profoundly during HIIT. We also examined the association between changes in adipose tissue distribution and serum adiponectin level. Twelve healthy male participants (28-48 years old) were assigned to a group that performed HIIT using only a leg ergometer (L-HIIT, n = 7) or to a group that performed HIIT using both leg and arm ergometers (LA-HIIT, n = 5) twice weekly for 16 weeks. The training programs consisted of 8 to 12 sets of >90% VO2 peak for 1 min, with 1 min of very light active recovery. Body composition analyses as well as aerobic fitness and measurements of serum adiponectin were performed at baseline and after intervention. A linear improvement in aerobic fitness was observed along with a decrease in leg fat (5.4 ± 1.7 vs. 5.1 ± 1.7 kg, p < 0.05) near the main working muscles during HIIT in the combined (L+LA-HIIT) group. Moreover, there was an association of decrease in leg fat or thigh adiposity with improvement in aerobic fitness in the combined group (ρ = -0.59, p < 0.05; and ρ = -0.71, p < 0.05, respectively). Visceral adiposity was decreased in L-HIIT (115 ± 45 vs. 100 ± 47 cm2, p < 0.05), however no decrease was observed in total fat or truncal fat in either group. No change was observed in serum adiponectin concentration in either group. Changes in serum adiponectin were associated with changes in visceral adiposity in the combined group (ρ = -0.72, p < 0.01). Regional rather than whole-body fat loss was observed after a 16-week HIIT program.

著者

Yasuko Manabe Nobuharu L. Fujii

出版者

一般社団法人日本体力医学会

雑誌

The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine (ISSN:21868131)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.5, pp.373-377, 2016-11-25 (Released:2016-11-10)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

3

---

Skeletal muscle has an important role besides its obvious function in physical movement and locomotion; namely, it maintains whole-body metabolism. Maintaining muscle mass and quality with regular exercise is closely related to quality of life and a healthy life expectancy. However, the ways that exercise, and muscle contraction, in particular, contribute to our health has not been analyzed in detail. Progressive elucidation of the intracellular mechanisms underlying the metabolic changes induced by exercise/contraction and the hormones secreted from skeletal muscle (called myokines) is providing new insights into how exercise affects our health. To research these mechanisms in muscle contraction, various in vivo and in vitro experimental models have been developed. This review article outlines the existing skeletal muscle contraction models in rodents. Each model has its advantages and disadvantages. It is important to keep such features in mind when selecting an appropriate contraction model for the particular experimental purpose.

著者

Masaki Mizuno Jere H. Mitchell Scott A. Smith

出版者

一般社団法人日本体力医学会

雑誌

The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine (ISSN:21868131)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.5, pp.339-347, 2016-11-25 (Released:2016-11-10)

参考文献数

120

被引用文献数

4

---

The cardiovascular response to physical exercise is abnormally exaggerated in hypertension. Since such responses potentially increase the risk for adverse cardiovascular events, it is clinically important to elucidate the cause of this cardiovascular hyper-excitability in this disease. Even if blood pressure is normal at rest, individuals displaying a heightened blood pressure response to exercise are more likely to develop future hypertension. Therefore, early detection of this abnormal circulatory response to physical activity could lead to the early treatment as well as prevention of hypertension. Much evidence suggests that the abnormal exercise pressor reflex (EPR; a reflex originating in exercising skeletal muscle) significantly contributes to the generation of the enhanced circulatory responses in this disease. In addition, it has been demonstrated that the EPR dysfunction is mediated by both mechanically-sensitive fibers associated with the muscle mechanoreflex and chemically-sensitive fibers associated with the muscle metaboreflex. This review focuses on the underlying mechanisms for this overactive EPR function in hypertension. Specifically, updates on our current understanding of the EPR in this disease as well as experimental models used to examine this reflex are presented.

著者

Jun Tanihata Shin’ichi Takeda

出版者

一般社団法人日本体力医学会

雑誌

The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine (ISSN:21868131)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.4, pp.309-312, 2016-09-25 (Released:2016-10-03)

参考文献数

38

---

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a life-limiting X-linked genetic disorder caused by a lack of the membrane-associated protein dystrophin. The absence of dystrophin increases the susceptibility of muscle fibers to damage. Repeated damage results in ineffective muscle repair and the development of pseudo-hypertrophied muscles; these bulky muscles are weak despite their size. The mechanisms underlying the functional impairments in dystrophic muscle have not yet been fully determined. However, several recent studies indicate that elevated intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis is a cause or facilitator of the development of muscle weakness in DMD. This review focuses on abnormalities of Ca2+ homeostasis and the possibilities for treatment by counteracting the Ca2+ dysregulation.

著者

Takayuki Inami Yasuo Kawakami

出版者

一般社団法人日本体力医学会

雑誌

The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine (ISSN:21868131)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.4, pp.313-317, 2016-09-25 (Released:2016-10-03)

参考文献数

46

被引用文献数

23

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Assessing muscle mechanical properties such as hardness and stiffness has important clinical implications. The use of ultrasound elastography to assess individual muscle hardness or stiffness has been increasing in recent years. Several different ultrasound elastography methods are currently in use, including strain elastography and shear wave elastography, which are capable of capturing the distribution of hardness and stiffness within individual muscles. In the present review, we outline some of the current basic and clinical applications of strain elastography and shear wave elastography, and illustrate how such ultrasound elastography technologies may further advance understanding of individual muscle mechanical properties as well as muscle functions.

著者

Akihiro Sakamoto Peter James Sinclair Hisashi Naito

出版者

一般社団法人日本体力医学会

雑誌

The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine (ISSN:21868131)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.2, pp.153-166, 2016-05-25 (Released:2016-05-14)

参考文献数

73

被引用文献数

8

---

Isoinertial resistance is imposed during natural human dynamics, where muscles contract at varying velocities and joint angles. In many sports, the ability to produce greater force at faster speed is essential for successful outcomes. Hence, power training under isoinertial resistance (e.g., body mass, weights or flywheel, etc.) provides event-specific adaptive stimuli. Conventional power training consists of a combination of strength-oriented (> 70% 1RM) and speed-oriented (< 30% 1RM, e.g., plyometrics) methods, with the aim of being able to overcome variable external loadings across a range of velocities. An alternative maximum power output training (Pmax training, 30-70% 1RM) has been found to elicit equivalent or greater effectiveness compared to the conventional methods. It is, however, difficult to precisely reproduce the prescribed intensities, given several concerns associated with 1RM testing and the variable accuracies of the repetition-intensity or velocity-intensity relationship. No matter what level of resistance is assigned to an exercise, it is far more important to exert as much effort (or fastest concentric speed) as possible per repetition, otherwise, the training effects are reduced. At light intensities, however, a large portion of the concentric phase is spent in deceleration for the subsequent phase transition, which may limit effort. Making projectile motions, therefore, are necessary. The utilization of stretch-shortening cycle effects, with increased power ability, may give a further training edge. Coaches and trainees should be aware that successful movements in power training are defined as greater acceleration, speed and displacement for every repetition, rather than simply neat form or smooth repetitiveness.

著者

Daisuke Hoshino Yu Kitaoka Hideo Hatta

出版者

一般社団法人日本体力医学会

雑誌

The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine (ISSN:21868131)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.1, pp.13-23, 2016-03-25 (Released:2016-03-18)

参考文献数

87

被引用文献数

1 13

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High-intensity interval training (HIIT) consists of repeated short bursts of high-intensity exercise and rest. Here we review recent work focusing on the metabolic adaptations to HIIT, especially in oxidative capacity and substrate availability in skeletal muscle. In this review, HIIT is defined as chronic training, for at least 2 weeks, involving repeated short-duration high-intensity exercise at >85% VO2 max, followed by complete rest or active rest, for any given duration of exercise and rest. First, we describe the effects of HIIT on muscle substrate oxidative metabolism, specifically in terms of mitochondria and substrate transporters. HIIT changes muscle mitochondrial content, function and dynamics. HIIT increases the protein content of transporters of glucose, lactate and fatty acids in skeletal muscle. These adaptations of mitochondria and transporter proteins improve oxidative capacity and substrate availability in skeletal muscle. Second, we introduce a potential mechanism of HIIT-induced adaptations in skeletal muscle, focusing on mitochondrial biogenesis. It is well known that a mechanism of mitochondrial biogenesis involves PGC-1alpha protein and its upstream signaling pathways including Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, AMP-activated protein kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase p38. Given that mitochondrial biogenesis occurs in an exercise-intensity-dependent manner, mobilization of fast-twitch fibers and lactate accumulation are important. Finally, we discuss the future direction of HIIT research, involving systems biology approaches such as omics technologies and mathematical modeling, which may overcome current limitations and accelerate our understanding of mechanisms of HIIT-induced adaptations.

著者

Maki Yamaguchi Shigeru Takemori Masako Kimura Naoya Nakahara Tetsuo Ohno Toshiko Yamazawa Shunya Yokomizo Nobutake Akiyama Naoto Yagi

出版者

一般社団法人日本体力医学会

雑誌

The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine (ISSN:21868131)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.1, pp.47-55, 2015-03-25 (Released:2016-03-18)

参考文献数

48

被引用文献数

2

---

X-ray diffraction analysis is a method to obtain information about periodically repeated structures. When striated muscle is irradiated with X-ray, many of the reflections and the layer lines, which convey information about molecular structures within the muscle fiber, are obtained without chemical modification. Two of the strong equatorial reflections, 1,0 reflection arising from a thick filament array and 1,1 reflection arising from a thick and thin filament array appear on the equator giving information about distance and mass distribution on a radial plane. Thus a 1,1/1,0 intensity ratio is a good index of radial distribution of myosin heads. Meridional reflections and layer lines, such as a myosin reflection of the 14.3 nm repeat and myosin or actin layer lines, give information about longitudinal arrangement of the molecules. Since they are affected by the movement of the myosin heads and the shifting motion of troponin-tropomyosin on the actin filament, they can be used to detect conformational changes of contractile and regulatory systems upon muscle activation. The X-ray diffraction method has been applied to yield fruitful results for many problems such as muscle atrophy by disuse, functional modulation by myosin regulatory light chain phosphorylation, differential characteristics of slow and fast skeletal muscle structure, and pathogenesis of some types of the familial myopathy. The approach using X-ray diffraction analysis will continuously serve as a potent tool for resolving problems in the field of physical fitness and sports medicine.

著者

Tomonori Kito

出版者

一般社団法人日本体力医学会

雑誌

The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine (ISSN:21868131)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.1, pp.73-76, 2016-03-25 (Released:2016-03-18)

参考文献数

31

被引用文献数

1

---

The technique of vibration-induced illusory movement has been used to study the mechanisms of perception and the brain network responsible for eliciting kinesthesia since it was first reported by Goodwin and colleagues in 1972. Vibration applied to the skin surface over the tendon of limb muscles excites primary afferent spindles, and subjects experience movement sensations as if the vibrated muscle were stretched, despite the limb being immobile. In addition, tendon vibration can induce tonic muscle activities in both the vibrated muscle and its antagonistic muscles. It was formerly believed that these motor responses accompanied the kinesthetic illusion of the vibrated limb. However, if subjects relax their limb completely and focus their attention on the movement sensed during vibration, a movement illusion can be elicited without any motor responses. This review focuses on the relationship between the elicitation of vibration-induced kinesthetic illusions and experimental conditions, and may provide insight into differences among studies of kinesthetic illusion.

著者

Koichiro Oka Ai Shibata Kaori Ishii

出版者

一般社団法人日本体力医学会

雑誌

The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine (ISSN:21868131)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.3, pp.291-295, 2014-07-25 (Released:2014-07-26)

参考文献数

36

被引用文献数

1 2

---

There has been a growing interest in dog ownership and walking as a unique and potential resource to provide physical activity for many individuals in the community. The present study reviewed current trends regarding the studies on dog ownership, dog walking, and human health, and clarified the future direction of research on the topic. There is evidence to suggest that it is not dog ownership itself, but rather dog-walking that contributes to increased physical activity and the likelihood of meeting public health guidelines for physical activity. Also, a growing body of literature indicates that dogs appear to provide an important form of social support, motivation, and obligation that encourages dog owners to walk. Regarding the environmental and policy-related factors associated with dog walking, some literature showed that access to a dog-supportive park/area or living in a walkable neighborhood seems to positively affect dog owners walking with their dog. The evidence is still limited on interventions for promoting dog owners walking with their dog. With the high level of dog ownership in many industrialized countries, further evaluation of physical activity, including dog walking and use of an accelerometer, identification of factors related to dog owners’ regular/irregular dog walking by means of a longitudinal study, and implementation of an intervention study related to the promotion of physical activity among dog owners with a focus on dog walking are needed.

著者

Naokata Ishii Riki Ogasawara Koji Kobayashi Koichi Nakazato

出版者

一般社団法人日本体力医学会

雑誌

The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine (ISSN:21868131)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.1, pp.83-94, 2012-05-25 (Released:2012-08-22)

参考文献数

118

被引用文献数

2 11 6

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To learn the mechanisms underlying resistance exercise-induced muscle hypertrophy, recent studies on muscle protein metabolism and myogenic progenitor cells were reviewed. Numerous studies have suggested that activation of the translation process plays a major role in a resistance exercise-induced increase in muscle protein synthesis, and also in muscle hypertrophy after a prolonged period of training. Among regulators of the translational activity, the mTORC1 signaling pathway has been shown to be important, although the relation between its upstream regulation and exercise regimen remains unclear. In addition, the muscle satellite cells play a part, even if not indispensable, in exercise-induced muscle hypertrophy, by supplying muscle fibers with new myonuclei. Middle to high exercise intensity has been regarded as essential for gaining muscle mass, because it causes the recruitment of large motor units with fast, type II muscle fibers, which are readily hypertrophied through activation of mTORC1 signaling. However, several studies have shown that low-intensity resistance exercises with either large exercise volume or prolonged contraction time effectively activate protein synthesis and induce muscle hypertrophy. These findings suggest that various strategies are possible in exercise regimens, and exercise intensity is not necessarily a primary factor for gaining muscular size.

著者

Yoshiaki Kikuchi

出版者

一般社団法人日本体力医学会

雑誌

The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine (ISSN:21868131)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.4, pp.299-306, 2015-09-25 (Released:2015-10-02)

参考文献数

77

被引用文献数

2

---

While bipedalism is a fundamental evolutionary adaptation that is essential for the development of the human brain, the erect body is always an inch or two away from falling. Although the neural substrate underlying automatic detection of one’s own body instability is an important consideration, there have thus far been few functional neuroimaging studies due to the restrictions placed on participants’ movements. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the neural substrate underlying whole body instability, based on a self-recognition paradigm that uses video stimuli consisting of one’s own and others’ whole bodies, depicted in both stable and unstable states. Analyses revealed significant activity in the brain regions that should be activated during genuine unstable body (physical) conditions: the right parieto-insular vestibular cortex, inferior frontal junction, posterior insula and parabrachial nucleus. We argue that these right-lateralized cortical and brainstem regions mediate vestibular information processing for detection of vestibular anomalies, defensive motor responding in which the necessary motor responses are automatically prepared/simulated to protect one’s body, and sympathetic activity as an alarm response during whole body instability.

著者

Satoru Kanamori Tomoko Takamiya Shigeru Inoue

出版者

一般社団法人日本体力医学会

雑誌

The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine (ISSN:21868131)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.4, pp.315-320, 2015-09-25 (Released:2015-10-02)

参考文献数

45

被引用文献数

1 51

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Physical activity may be carried out alone or in a group. No comprehensive studies have been conducted on the associations between group exercise and health outcomes, the mechanisms underlying the associations with health outcomes, and determinants of participation in group exercise. The aim of this article is to review the associations and mechanisms between group exercise and health outcomes, and the determinants of participation in group exercise among healthy adults and the elderly without specific illnesses. Group exercise may reduce the risk of physical and mental illness by improving adherence to physical activity, psychological factors, and social relationships. While there may potentially be various determinants of group exercise, previous research has only examined specific demographic and environmental factors. Among the studies discussed in this review, few studies examined the differences between individual exercise and group exercise. Thus, the unique effects and determinants of group exercise remain unclear. Further studies examining these points are needed to develop a more complete knowledge base on group exercise.

著者

Tsuyoshi Nakajima Rinaldo A. Mezzarane Tomoyoshi Komiyama E. Paul Zehr

出版者

一般社団法人日本体力医学会

雑誌

The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine (ISSN:21868131)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.2, pp.197-211, 2015-05-25 (Released:2015-05-28)

参考文献数

100

被引用文献数

5

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Neural output from the locomotor system for each arm and leg influences the spinal motoneuronal pools directly and indirectly through interneuronal (IN) reflex networks. This review article mainly describes the recent findings concerning the existence, features and functions of common IN systems on spinal reflex pathways induced by multisensory inputs during human locomotion. In particular, we focus on regulation of polysynaptic cutaneous reflex pathways assessed by spatial facilitation. Furthermore, we provide evidence for activation of common presynaptic inhibitory INs that integrate locomotor-related commands and antagonist group Ia inputs. The experimental results are discussed in light of recent advances in motor control in humans and other animals with implications for locomotor rehabilitation.

著者

Licht Miyamoto

出版者

一般社団法人日本体力医学会

雑誌

The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine (ISSN:21868131)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.1, pp.93-102, 2015-03-25 (Released:2015-03-23)

参考文献数

72

被引用文献数

1 4

---

The number of patients exhibiting metabolic disorders has been pandemically increasing. Physical exercise is widely applied as an ideal therapeutic and preventive way against such metabolic diseases as diabetes due to its high potency of metabolic regulation. It evokes marked facilitation of glucose and lipid metabolism in contracting skeletal muscle. Recent investigations have suggested that 5’AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) should be a key molecule in contraction-caused metabolic changes. AMPK is activated in response to the rise in the AMP/ATP ratio following muscle contraction. The activated AMPK suppresses anabolic pathways, but increases catabolic ones to compensate for the ATP shortage. The various metabolic results of AMPK activation are similar to those in contracting skeletal muscle. However, some recent reports using genetically AMPK-disrupted animals reported that AMPK does not necessarily mediate metabolic control by muscle contraction, suggesting the significance of AMPK-independent metabolic pathways. Genetically manipulated animals without molecules of critical significance such as AMPK will tend to acquire compensatory mechanisms. Thus, another approach will be of great help to further understand the role of such key molecules. Thanks to the recent development of analytic systems, it is getting easier to obtain comprehensive information on metabolites. This metabolomics technology has been applied in studies on physical fitness and exercise little by little, providing us with novel findings; although it is not yet popular. Recent results of metabolomic studies in the field of physical exercise, including our investigation demonstrating metabolomic significance of AMPK in contracting skeletal muscle, will be introduced in this review.

著者

Makoto Miyazaki Takahiro Higuchi

出版者

一般社団法人日本体力医学会

雑誌

The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine (ISSN:21868131)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.1, pp.31-41, 2015-03-25 (Released:2015-03-23)

参考文献数

57

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Tools are often compared to a part of our own “body”. Since the end of the 20th century, neuroscientists and psychologists have accumulated evidence suggesting that the “tool as a part of the body” is not just a metaphor, but is a fact in the brain. In the introduction of this article, we review a neurophysiological study on the monkey brain that achieved a breakthrough in this area of research. Subsequently, we review studies in humans. In the first section, we explain the psychophysical studies that suggest the perceptual assimilation of tools and hands and neuroimaging reports regarding the neural correlates of perceptual tool-hand assimilation. In the second section, we describe the spatial action capability with tools or extracorporeal objects based on behavioral studies regarding locomotion, such as load-carriage and wheelchair-use. Based on these findings, we discuss current and future research issues regarding the tool-body interaction in the context of neural mechanisms and applications.