著者

室井 和男

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.177, pp.23-27, 1991 (Released:2021-08-30)

著者

菊地 重秋

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.176, pp.209-218, 1990 (Released:2021-08-30)

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The purpose of this study is to show why E. Huckel alone thought in the early 1930s that molecular orbital(M.O.) theory was better than valence bond (V.B.) theory. In order to elucidate it, the author has investigated the development of the electronic formula of benzene and has made clear the meaning of Huckel's quantum theoretical coutribution to the benzene problem. In the early 20th century, chemists proposed several types of the electronic formula of benzene : the ionic bond type, the tetrahedral carbon model type, the three electron bond type, the aromatic sextet type,and others. They compared these electronic formulas one another, together with the considerations of the experimental evidence. It was E.C. Crocker who first proposed the aromatic sextet type of electronic fonnula of benzene in 1922, although it is usually thought that R. Robinson first proposed that formula in 1925. Aromatic sextet had been recognized as one of the most reasonable structural hypothesis up to about 1930, and it was in a sense the revival of the old benzene problem, i. e., the difficulty of representation of the bonding state of benzene ring. At that time, Huckel treated the benzene problem based on wave mechamics and recognized aromatic sextet as a closed shell which was the result derived from M.O. theory but not from V.B. theory. According to Huckel, the stability of aromatic sextet should be understood as resulting from the nature of the closed shell like such of noble gas. Since Huckel could solve the benzene problem which had been unsolved for about 75 years, he thought that M.O. theory was better than V.B. theory. The author attributes rapid loss of the significance of aromatic sextet to the conflict between Robinson's and Huckel's view on, for example, induced polarities of substituted benzenes, to the critical opinion expressed by W.G. Penney, and to the imperfection of HuckeFs interpretation mentioned above.

著者

西村 秀雄

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.176, pp.219-224, 1990 (Released:2021-08-30)

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.176, pp.237-253, 1990 (Released:2021-08-30)

著者

小林 達也

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.175, pp.129-135, 1990 (Released:2021-08-30)

著者

三輪 修三

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.175, pp.150-156, 1990 (Released:2021-08-30)

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The technology on mechanical balancing of rotors, one of the most important procedures in manufacturing rotating machinery to guarantee the smooth running machine free from vibration, is reviewed and compiled historically from its origin to today. Technical achievements together with technological contributions dedicated by prominent pioneers are also presented. It is stressed here that the balancing technology has obtained its progress by parallel development of machine dynamics and engineering metrology. Here we can see a characteristic feature of modern technology, to which development of the relevant field of engineering science plays an important role. As the brilliance of the "new" technology fades out, that technology metamorphoses itself into "common" or "ordinal" one, as is the life cycle of "new technology".

著者

長岡 一夫

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.175, pp.157-166, 1990 (Released:2021-08-30)

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Among the problems of classical theory of probability, it is problem of the duration that is one of the most difficult problems to solve. Many distinguished mathematicians have grappled with this problem. I.Todhunter detailed the history of this problem in his book, A history of the mathematical theory of probability from the time of Pascal to that of Laplace, But, here is an excellent author that the erudite Todhunter does not discuss with respect to this problem. Andi・ Marie Ampere today is well known as a phisician. The misunderstanding that the name Ampere is not connected with the problem of the duration of play may be that Todhunter does not refer to his study. I examined the contribution of Ampgre to this problem in this article.

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.175, pp.172-188, 1990 (Released:2021-08-30)

著者

板倉 聖宣 永田 英治

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.176, pp.193-200, 1990 (Released:2021-08-30)

著者

任 正爀

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.176, pp.201-208, 1990 (Released:2021-08-30)

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Hong Tae-Yong was both a philosopher and scientist in 18th century Korea. The fact that he proposed the roating earth theory is well known, but the appreciate for it has not been established. In this paper, firstly the previous investigations are surveyed and indicated a problem in there. In the many cases the originality is discussed in the connection with Copernican theory without the examination of Hon's own writing "Uisan mundap" mentioned the roating earth theory. Thus, secondly examinating "Uisan mundap" the characteristics of his roating earth theory and why Hong could propose his theory are considered. Hong's roating earth theory is a moment of the development into the infinite universe theory and a part of his cosmology. There his relativism and the mechanical viewpoint to nature played the important roles

著者

鈴木 善次 玉巻 佐和子 高橋 哲郎 渡辺 正雄 西村 秀雄 中川 徹

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.172, pp.213-216, 1989 (Released:2021-09-01)

被引用文献数

1

著者

高橋 憲一

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.173, pp.1-12, 1990 (Released:2021-09-01)

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Contrary to the title of our paper, the Catoptrica is generally regarded as a pseudo-Euclidean work―a late recension of a genuine Euclidean one, probably written by Theon of Alexandria. Almost all historians of science have accepted this interpretation, which was proposed by J. L. Heiberg and later elaborated by A. Lejeune. In this paper the author intends first to examine the validity of this widespread interpretation, focussing mainly on Heiberg's arguments, and secondly to propose an alternative interpretation. Heiberg's arguments can be divided into three groups, which concern respectively : (Gl) theoretical contents of the Catoprica (G2) scanty testimonies in antiquity (G3) stylistic analyses of the Greek text (Gl)is, it seems, the most important reason to have led him to the inauthenticity of the work. His arguments in this regard consist of pointing out, on the one hand, inaccurate proof procedures and lack of mathematical rigor(for Propsitions 7-12, 16-18), and, on the other, fallacious assertions(for Postulates 4 & 5). The present author refutes the former by showing Heiberg's misunderstanding of the propositions, and the latter by proposing a new interpretation of the postulates, a kernel of which is the assumption, indicated by the use of 〇 vKerc and supported by the use of the same word in Euclid's Optica, Prop. 3, that observer' s eye moves around the object of sight, looking at the image in the mirror. With the collapse of reasons in (Gl), Heiberg's argument in (G2) is deemed to lose its force. We havz no right to doubt the truth of both Proclus' ascription of the work to Euclid and Euclid's own allusion to the work in his Optica, Prop.19. Concerning (G3), it is shown that his argument is far from convincing. It never supports a hypothesis that Theon was a pseudo-Euclid who compiled the work, but rather indicates, against his intention, that the work has same characteristic style as the genuine Euclidean Optica, probably inherited from optical research before Euclid. Thus if the Optica has the right to claim Euclidean authenticity, the Catoptrica also has, we must admit, the same right in its extant form as handed down to us.

著者

千田 忠男

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.173, pp.21-29, 1990 (Released:2021-09-01)

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I analyze continously the controversy (1962) between K. Kogi and J. Hashimoto concerning the theory of the industrial health tehchnology, and my opinion is as follows: 1) The directive and administrative actions, which are concerned with the man power on the labour process, are divided into two sections by the historical factors. One is to protect the workers health against unhealthy factors, and another is to organize the labour scientifically in a broad sense. When these actions are organized by the management, they are antagonistic to the workers in the real labour process. The development stage of the actions is judged by objective criterion such as the system of applied means. 2) It is necessary to study industrial fatigue not only by the physical and psychological approach, but also by the sociological route.

著者

中根 美知代

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.173, pp.30-36, 1990 (Released:2021-09-01)

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W. R. Hamilton proposed, in his articles written between 1824 and 1833, the characteristic function to describe the properties of ray systems. It has been usually presumed that he derived the function from the principle of least action. The present paper aims at revealing the historical connection between the above mentioned function and principle. Firstly discussed are the origin and implication of the principle which he called that of least action. He derived it from the law of reflection and refraction ; what he called ACTION in this process did not imply mechanical action but optical path length. Accordingly, the principle should originally be called that of the shortest optical path length. Secondly dealt with are the basis of his characteristic function and the way of its extension. It was introduced, not on the basis of the above-mentioned principle, but through analysis of rays in focal mirrors and focal refractors; before long, he noticed that the function was compatible with the principle ; then, for the purpose of expressing the ray systems in inhomogeneous medium, he utilized a refined form of the function ; besides, he formulated the function on the basis of the principle; finally the principle was accepted as an axiom.

著者

嶺井 政行

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.173, pp.37-43, 1990 (Released:2021-09-01)

著者

山崎 俊雄

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.173, pp.40, 1990 (Released:2021-09-01)

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.173, pp.45-62, 1990 (Released:2021-09-01)

著者

小柳 公代

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.171, pp.135-142, 1989 (Released:2021-09-01)

著者

布施 光男

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.171, pp.143-151, 1989 (Released:2021-09-01)

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Recently some considerations on batteries of Shozan Sakuma (1811-1864) have been given by several scholors, but there is still posibility of further study on this subject. The aim of this paper is to investigate the following matters : Firstly, we clarify what kind of battery was one described in Sakuma's letter, and secondly we investigate what Dutch literature Sakuma made his existing battery based on. Finally, we survey Japanese books published before 1858 in which batteries were described and make a comparative study of Sakuma's battery, in order to know how batteries had been spread in Japan at that time

著者

今野 宏之

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.171, pp.152-160, 1989 (Released:2021-09-01)

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Einstein introduced the spontaneous process of "outgoing" radiation in 1916, corresponding to the radiation emitted from an oscillating Planck resonator. In 191& Bohr suggested that the probability coefficient of spontaneous emission could be determined by the amplitude of the multiply periodic system. The correspondence principle, however, enabled one to indicate only an asymptotic relation(13)(in the text) in the limit of high quantum numbers, and was powerless to fix the unique form of the amplitude valid for all quantum numbers. Kramers gave up determining the amplitude in terms of the multiply periodic system, and regarded Eq.(26)as quantum-theoretically valid relation. Then he reversed Eq.(26)and took the relation(27)as the definition of the characteristic amplitudes of the virtual oscillators. Eventually, Kramers' dispersion formula was the first fruitful attempt to embody Einstein's probability coefficient of the spontaneous emission in the form of the "strength"(f=A・γ) of the virtual oscillator.