著者

徳元 琴代

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.171, pp.161-172, 1989 (Released:2021-09-01)

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In the 1920's, R. Robinson and C.K. Ingold controverted on principles of an electronic theory of organic reactions. They had been investigated how to theorize reactivity of many complicated organic reactions from different points of view―polar (Robinson, alternative polarity) and non polar (Ingold,free affinity). Gradually they were conscious of necessity of new concepts (electron valence) for showing quantitative reactivity in this controversy on nitration reactions of nitrosobenzene and benzilamine etc. from 1924 to 1926. The year,1926, was the turningpoint that they indicated new concepts of reactivity of organic reactions―the density of electron around atoms (Robinson) and the electronic strain around atoms(Ingold). So, they could publish the electronic theory of organic reactions in 1930's. Consequently not only Robinson but also Ingold in this controversy played an important part for forming basic concepts and methods to quantiy their reactivities in the electronic theory of organic reactions.

著者

渡辺 正雄

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.171, pp.173-177, 1989 (Released:2021-09-01)

被引用文献数

1

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.171, pp.178, 1989 (Released:2021-09-01)

著者

菅原 国香 板倉 聖宣

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.172, pp.193-202, 1989 (Released:2021-09-01)

著者

千田 忠男

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.172, pp.203-210, 1989 (Released:2021-09-01)

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An analysis of the points of the controversy (1962) between K. Kogi and J. Hashimoto concerning industrial health technology is as follows : 1)The scientific work is distinct from physical work on social division of labour. 2) The actions to protect worker's health against unhealthy factors or to organize scientfically the labour are derived from the directive and/or administrative actions as workshop division of labour. 3) Above all, it is necessary for the professional activators on the problems of worker^ health, to be able to sympathize with the workers and their demands. 4) The physical and psychological studies link to the political economy by means of the labour process which is doubly defined as the general labour process and the labour process under the capital.

著者

鈴木 善次

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.172, pp.211-212, 1989 (Released:2021-09-01)

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.169, pp.49, 1989 (Released:2021-09-01)

著者

小柳 公代

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.170, pp.65-79, 1989 (Released:2021-09-01)

著者

高田 誠二

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.170, pp.80-88, 1989 (Released:2021-09-01)

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Along with the celebrated achievement in the heat conduction research, J. Fourier (1768-1830) carried out extensive studies on thermal radiation in the years of about 1805-1828, the process and accomplishment of which are analysed here on the basis of his MS's (1805-1807), nine papers (1807-1828) and the eminent monograph Theorie Analytique de la Chaleur (1822). Fourier's concern in the early stage was to control the radiative characteristics of the surfaces of the samples for heat conduction experiments, either by blackening or by polishing. These trials enriched his view on the boundary condition for heat conduction equation. Nextly he developed mathematical means for expressing radiative processes, for example, multiple reflection among surfaces having various configuration. On the physical sides of the radiation phenomena, he discussed repeatedly the significance of Lambert's law of emission, not in line with the corpuscular theory but on a more realistic standpoint of thermal equilibrium. This standpoint made him able to proceed to conceptualize the equivalence of emission and absorption of thermal radiation at every element of the surfaces in thermal equilibrium. Finally, he clarified the meaning of thermal state in the cavity, the wall of which was kept at a uniform temperature. The last two of the above-mentioned attainments of Fourier seem to be of great importance as interconnections between the Genevan phenomenological approach (by Pictet, Prévost) and the German thermodynamical formulation (by Kirchhoff, W. Wien) of thermal radiation doctrine.

著者

吉田 晴代

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.170, pp.89-98, 1989 (Released:2021-09-01)

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The three physicists, Count Rumford, Biot and Fourier, almost simultaneously made experimental researches on heat conduction in solid This comparative study of their researches sheds light on the significance of Fourier's. Fourier's theoretical originality is that he first paid attention to heat diffusion in solid and soon comprehended its law by the notion, "mode elementaire" based on Fourier's series. Although Fourier confirmed the law later by the experiment on annulus, his early research had been so mathematical, that he had not been able to grasp its physical aspects sufficientlly. Rumford's and Biot's works must have prompted Fourier not only to pay attention to steady thermal state in bar, but also to set with experimental researches. Although Fourier may have owed his theoretical success to Biot, it is Fourier that thought out hydrodynamical approach to thermal phenomena prior to the accomplishment of the mechanics of continuum and completed the concept of temperature gradient and the differential equation of heat conduction. Noticeable as well is that all these theoretical achievements based on the results of his fine experiments, conducted with both technical skill and refined methodology, which were much superior to those of Rumford and Biot. Also in relation to the partial validity of Newton's cooling law, he had a clear insight into the interaction between "Experiment and Theory". Therefore I concluded that Fourier was a better experimentalist in his time, compared with Rumford and Biot, in other words it is not proper to consider Fourier's study of heat conduction only as a mathematical and theoretical one.

著者

西村 秀雄

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.170, pp.99-105, 1989 (Released:2021-09-01)

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In this paper, the author attempts to clarify to what extent the coordinate relations theoretically hold among the Copernican, the Tychonian, and the Ptolemaic world systems as they are compared by means of simplified models consisting of combined uniform circular motions. The results are: (1) Concerning the apparent positions and movements of the planets against the celestial sphere, there can be exact coordinate relationships among the three systems. (2) Concerning the distance from the observer, the visual size and brightness, and the phase of the planets, any of these systems can give satisfactory accounts of the phenomena observed with the naked eye, although exact coordinate relationships in these respects do not quite hold among the three systems. From the above, the present author concludes that the naked eye observations before the telescopic ones could not have established the superiority of the Copernican system over the others. The author also presents a new interpretation concerning A. OsianderJs description of the changes in brightness of Venus given in his Foreword to De Revolutionibus, and points out some of the related errors made in the recent historical investigations of the world systems.

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.170, pp.106-122, 1989 (Released:2021-09-01)

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.170, pp.126, 1989 (Released:2021-09-01)

著者

川村 正晃

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.171, pp.129-134, 1989 (Released:2021-09-01)

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The paper describes a history of metal spraying in Japan before the Second World War. In 1916, M.U.Schoop was granted a basic patent for the metal spraying in Japan. In 1921, K.Ezawa had begun the commercialising of the metal spraying in Japan. In 1923, T.Ezawa had been granted a patent for the metal spraying used electric arc gun. In Japan, this process was used since. In spite of these successes, in 1921-1935, the metal spraying was not used extensively and a remarkable technical progress did not take place in Japan. Little attention was directed to improving the quality of the spray coated film at this stage. In the latter half of the period 1921-1945, the use of the metal spraying extended in Japan. This process made a progress with regards to both the applications in practice and the researches in laboratory. Nevertheless, the metal spraying was looked upon with some scepticism in those early days because the adhesive strength of the spray coated film to a substrate was quite small. In Japan, a real advance in the use of the metal spraying take place after the Second World War.

著者

松尾 重樹

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.168, pp.218-221, 1988 (Released:2021-09-01)

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.168, pp.222, 1988 (Released:2021-09-01)

著者

山崎 正勝 日野川 静枝 兵藤 友博 奥山 修平

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.169, pp.1-4, 1989 (Released:2021-09-01)

著者

山田 大隆 高田 誠二

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.169, pp.5-13, 1989 (Released:2021-09-01)

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Reported here are the results of analytical comparison of books on physics compiled in the Catalogue of Sapporo Agricultural College (1888) in Hokkaido with those of Tokyo University (1881),Gakushuin (1902), Keiogijuku (1906) and Waseda University (1903). Books found to be common to all these are: Quackenbos, Natural Philosophy, Stewart's Physics, Deschanel's Natural Philosophy, Ganot's Elementary Treatise on Physics (tr. by Atkinson) and Todhunter's Mechanics for Beginners etc., amounting to 48 copies in total. Analysis had revealed that physics education performed on the basis of the book collection in Sapporo, a northern city of Japan, was essentially on the same level as that of Tokyo University, which acted as one of the most prominent educational institution in the metropolis of Japan. As for the physics education in Sapporo, executed by such teachers as Wheeler and Peabody (1876-1881, American), Tachibana (1881-1886), Kodera (1886-1896), Hirano (1893-1903), Okazaki (1893-1896) and Aoba (1903-1906) of the College, the textbooks of high preference had shifted chronologically from that of Quackenbos, through that of Stewart, to that of Ganot (tr.)

著者

長岡 一夫

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.169, pp.14-24, 1989 (Released:2021-09-01)

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A history of the strong law of large numbers certainly began with E. Borel. But BoreFs result was motivated or influenced by Bertrand, Poincare, Wiman, and the others. The main results for this law had ended almost with A. Kolmogorov about 1933. The study of this law consists of two aspects of the development. The one aspect was to deepen the study of the relations between measure theory and the theory of denumerable probabilities. The other is as follows: Let p be a point of the interval(0,1)and let p=P1P2P3...... be its binary expansion. Let Xn(p)={+1 if pk=1 {-1 if pk=0 Then Sn=X1+X2+ ……+Xn is the excess frequency of occurrence of the digit 1 among the first n places in the expansion of p. Borel and Cantelli assert almost everywhere Sn = O(n). The enumeration of sharper results indicated the historic development of the problem. In this paper, these two aspects are described historically. For the theorem of the strong law of large numbers is not a mere theorem, but the processes of its studies are just a history of the probability theory in the early 20th century.

著者

西村 秀雄

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.169, pp.32-40, 1989 (Released:2021-09-01)