著者

野村 駿

出版者

日本労働社会学会

雑誌

労働社会学研究 (ISSN:13457357)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, pp.1-23, 2019 (Released:2019-03-30)

参考文献数

35

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This study aims to reveal the working conditions and problems experienced in the process of occupational achievement through a case study of rock musicians intending to make a living from musical activities. In particular, this investigation focuses on the network they form for live performances. Accordingly, data were gathered from interviews with 24rock musicians, who performed in various concerts. Of those 24, the narratives of 8rock musicians are included in this paper. The results revealed the following. First, rock musicians form their networks strategically; they change their connections with the people in their network depending on the differences in the cities in which they perform. Second, the networks they form carry out the following instrumental and expressive functions: give the opportunity to appear in live concerts, provide concrete advice on live performances, and support their positive self-image. Third, these networks exploit the musicians’ labor and make it difficult for them to achieve success in their occupation. This study notes that rock musicians are exploited both at live music clubs and in management offices, even when the exploitation is not intentional. As a result, musicians find it challenging to work there, and these problematic situations are difficult to address due to the uncertainties of the music industry.

著者

関 駿平

出版者

日本労働社会学会

雑誌

労働社会学研究 (ISSN:13457357)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, pp.1-18, 2022 (Released:2023-04-05)

参考文献数

36

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This paper aims to examine the case in which mobility within the same occupational category statistically has important implications for an individual. This paper examines this case using the occupation of the bartender as a case study. This paper focuses on bartenders who experienced mobility from “casual” bar to “authentic” bar. In this paper, the careers of 26 bartenders were investigated. This paper analyzes a selection of that data, particularly the narratives of bartenders who experienced mobility within the same category. The results revealed that mobility within the same category could sometimes have different meanings in terms of individual subjectivity. Bartenders positioned their experiences in what they called “casual” bars primarily as a motivator or a starting point for their labor to authentic bars.

著者

松永 伸太朗 永田 大輔

出版者

日本労働社会学会

雑誌

労働社会学研究 (ISSN:13457357)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, pp.1-23, 2021 (Released:2022-04-01)

参考文献数

20

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This article reveals how veteran animators in the Japanese animation industry understand the technologies introduced recently regarding their occupational careers. The animation industry in Japan has promoted the digitalization of the picture drawing process. However, previous research has not mentioned how workers built their careers to introduce new technologies while working in the creative industries with precarious work conditions. Management studies on the technology introduction fail to grasp the diversity of animatorsʼ understandings. Even sociological research has not paid attention to the occupation like animators, in which workers donʼt have the rigid objection in their careers, such as becoming independent self-employment.Based on the interview research on the animators who started their working life in the 1980 s, one of the most significant transformation periods of the animation industry, this article clarifies the narratives of technology introductions. Animators who worked at only a few firms donʼt see the technology introductions as they should deal with.On the contrary, animators who worked at many studios interpret the technology introductions as directly affecting their career formations. Among such animators, this article compares two animatorsʼ narratives concerning turning points in careers, reference groups in the occupation, and the stance for digitalization. This analysis revealed the two has quite different understanding on new technology and artfully deal with the digitalization in their careers. Moreover, the difference in coping practice stems from the difference in the working process, skills and reference groups.In the light of these findings, this article pointed out that the introduction of technology should also be promoted progressively, taking into account the logic of the workersʼ side.

著者

松永 伸太朗

出版者

日本労働社会学会

雑誌

労働社会学研究 (ISSN:13457357)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, pp.1-25, 2016

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<p>The aim of this paper is to reveal why animators working in Japan don't regard their low-paid and long-time work as problems. Previous studies haven't theoretically considered animators'labor process. Instead, this paper revealed relations between their occupational norms and their logic of acceptance of bad work conditions with ethnomethodological analysis of interviews.</p><p>The conclusion of this paper is as follows: Firstly, there are two types of norms in animators'workplace. One is"artisan"norm, which means that animators should follow instructions of upstream workers, the other is"creator"norm, which means that animators should show their originality. Artisan norm is superior to creator norm. Secondly, understanding and using skillfully these norms is a kind of requirement to be a competent animator. Thirdly, both norms have a common feature, which means that animators should have high-level techniques. Sustained by this common feature, animators compete for higher skills. However, their competition has been intensified because there are many cases that high skill workers can't earn appropriate wages by some institutional factors. As a result, animators who earn wages to manage to make their living become relative winners. However low-paid their labors are, animators who can make their living are winners, and so they don't tend to regard their work condition as problems.</p>

著者

松永 伸太朗

出版者

日本労働社会学会

雑誌

労働社会学研究 (ISSN:13457357)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, pp.1-25, 2016 (Released:2017-09-01)

参考文献数

34

被引用文献数

1

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The aim of this paper is to reveal why animators working in Japan don’t regard their low-paid and long-time work as problems. Previous studies haven’t theoretically considered animators’labor process. Instead, this paper revealed relations between their occupational norms and their logic of acceptance of bad work conditions with ethnomethodological analysis of interviews.The conclusion of this paper is as follows: Firstly, there are two types of norms in animators’workplace. One is“artisan”norm, which means that animators should follow instructions of upstream workers, the other is“creator”norm, which means that animators should show their originality. Artisan norm is superior to creator norm. Secondly, understanding and using skillfully these norms is a kind of requirement to be a competent animator. Thirdly, both norms have a common feature, which means that animators should have high-level techniques. Sustained by this common feature, animators compete for higher skills. However, their competition has been intensified because there are many cases that high skill workers can’t earn appropriate wages by some institutional factors. As a result, animators who earn wages to manage to make their living become relative winners. However low-paid their labors are, animators who can make their living are winners, and so they don’t tend to regard their work condition as problems.

著者

佐藤 洋子

出版者

日本労働社会学会

雑誌

労働社会学研究 (ISSN:13457357)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, pp.23-42, 2020 (Released:2021-02-10)

参考文献数

15

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Through a case study of Company X, a retailer, this paper clarifies reasons why women do not want to become managers in companies promoting women’s active workplace participation. In recent years, Company X has set the target for increasing the proportion of women in managerial positions to 20% and is working to do so. Specifically, Company X is targeting single women in their thirties, and these women are promoted to managerial positions before giving birth and after raising children. In this case study, however, few single women chief at Company X are interested in becoming a manager. In “promotion of women’s participation” Company X expects to increase the number of “women in management who marry and raise children.” This contradicts the working style of the single woman chief, however. For one thing, Company X’s managers are transferred every one or two years, and they work long hours, day and night. At the same time, Company X is reducing the location-specific employee system chosen by many married women. These circumstances not only make it more difficult for a single woman chief to marry, but also for women who are raising children to continue working as regular employees-never mind taking demanding managerial positions. Company X’s “active participation of women” aligns with Japan’s policy of promoting women’s active workplace participation, that is, emphasizing “bearing and raising children” and “promotion of women to managerial positions.” Resolving contradictions in Company X requires fundamentally changing the government’s policy on women’s workplace participation. However, if companies try to overcome this problem at the corporate level, they should assume a variety of woman managers.

著者

近間 由幸

出版者

日本労働社会学会

雑誌

労働社会学研究 (ISSN:13457357)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, pp.24-46, 2019 (Released:2019-03-30)

参考文献数

21

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This paper aims to show how un-interactive labor is carried out in contemporary retailing through examining a case of study of Company A. Since 1980’s, Labor Process Theory (LPT) has shown characteristic of service labor. It shows that service labor process is composed of interactive labor and un-interactive labor. Interactive labor is the labor that occurs when they face-to-face to customer like selling. On the other hand, un-interactive labor is the labor that occurs through attending selling (shelf stacking, cleaning, organizing commodities etc···). However, many previous studies mainly have examined interactive labor. In Company A, sales clerks mainly carry out un-interactive labor because Company A adopts self-service for small number of store operations and efficiency of work. Therefore, this paper focuses on the un-interactive labor of part-time sales clerks and analyses them through the participant observation method. This paper shows two characteristic store management systems and reveals how these systems compel overwork sales clerks. Finally, this paper concludes that two store management systems cause scientific management of un-interactive labor.

著者

朴 知遠

出版者

日本労働社会学会

雑誌

労働社会学研究 (ISSN:13457357)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, pp.1-22, 2020

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<p>This study is a result of an analysis of data collected by participatory observation of international student labor at a Japanese pub (izakaya Z) located in downtown Tokyo between October 1and November 31, 2017. The purpose of this study is to figure out why working places with poor conditions in the downtown area hire international students as their part-time workers, how they work under harsh working environment. The observation showed that international student part-time workers, especially those who receive almost no money from their home countries, need a certain level of fixed income every month to live in Japan, and izakaya Z satisfied their desired income by offering working hour assurance system. In other words, the stability of income and relatively bad working conditions are exchanged. International student part-time workers deliberately slow down their working speed to resist discrimination in the workplace, pretending not to be able to understand Japanese. While emphasizing the spirit of hospitality, the Japanese manager at izakaya Z forced international student part-time workers to aware of the process of work by themselves without a detailed explanation, complaining that the workers would ignore his instruction if they are too fluent in speaking Japanese. Behind this situation, there was a structural labor shortage problem which makes service industry companies hire international student labor.</p>

著者

松村 淳

出版者

東信堂

雑誌

労働社会学研究 (ISSN:13457357)

巻号頁・発行日

no.14, pp.37-69, 2013

著者

藤﨑 朋子

出版者

日本労働社会学会

雑誌

労働社会学研究 (ISSN:13457357)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, pp.31-63, 2011 (Released:2022-04-15)

参考文献数

16

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This paper aims to examine the process by which barbers' techniques and labour became institutionalised in the formative years of the barber industry in Japan.) Drawing on secondary sources and interviews with the staff of a vocational school, the paper focuses on the role of a textbook on haircutting theory, which was widely consumed among barbers and students at barber schools and that was responsible for the consolidation of what was then considered to be standard techniques. The training of barbers, which had hitherto been based on the apprentice system, was unified into school education system during the 1950s that called for a partial amendment of the Barber Law. Meanwhile, with a view to ensuring barbers' effciency in work and management, the Barbers Union brought the theory and techniqucs of haircutting into modules at barber schools. The findings demonstrate that, although the standardised techniques of haircutting promised barbers rational labour, their uniformity turned so obsolete in the wake of Japan's consumer society in the 1970s onwards that they have held little appeal to students in hairdressing. As a result, the standardisation of barbers' techniques and labour has given rise to conflict, which has eventually led to the decline in the number of barbers in favour of beauticians.

著者

藤崎 朋子

出版者

東信堂

雑誌

労働社会学研究 (ISSN:13457357)

巻号頁・発行日

no.12, pp.31-63, 2011

著者

神野 賢二

出版者

東信堂

雑誌

労働社会学研究 (ISSN:13457357)

巻号頁・発行日

no.10, pp.71-103, 2009

著者

王 昊凡

出版者

日本労働社会学会

雑誌

労働社会学研究 (ISSN:13457357)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, pp.1-22, 2015

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<p>Since the 1990s, it has become difficult for non-elite youth in Japan to rise economically and socially through their occupations. It has been argued that for the occupation of sushi chef as well the past practices of skills development through the apprenticeship system and rising through career moves within an occupational labor market may be breaking down gradually.</p><p>However, interviews with young sushi chefs have shown that it still is possible to build a career and rise in the occupation as in the past. The need has developed for more flexible development of experience and skills as an effective means of responding to deflationary times through high-value- added preparation of dishes and customer service. Since they contribute to filling this need, skills development through the apprenticeship system and career moves within an occupational labor market continue to function even today, although their forms are changing. Career formation and rising in the occupation can be observed not just at high-end restaurants but even among sushi chefs employed by inexpensive restaurants. One could conclude that even today it remains possible for a young sushi chef to rise economically and socially through his occupation.</p>

著者

惠羅 さとみ

出版者

日本労働社会学会

雑誌

労働社会学研究 (ISSN:13457357)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, pp.1-19, 2018 (Released:2018-03-26)

参考文献数

19

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This paper examines the effects of the fundamental change in Japan’s immigration policy on migrant workers based on a case study of the expanding Technical Intern Training Program in the construction industry by focusing on the growing relationship between Japan and Vietnam. An increase in the number of trainees in occupations related to construction work since 2011 has led to the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism implementing a substantial guest worker program for trainees who have completed the training program named “Urgent Measures Concerning the Utilization of Foreign Human Resources in the Field of Construction” in 2015. This has been done ostensibly to meet the labor demand for facilities for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics and Paralympics. The long-term purpose of the program, however, is to create a transnational labor pool of skilled workers in construction. Field research was conducted in Japan in 2015 and in Vietnam in 2016 to explore the motives behind and roles played by multiple actors involved in creating a new industrial structure, such as supervising organizations, accepting employers, and dispatched instructors to training centers of sending organizations. The analysis showed that despite the passive attitude of many actors toward expanding acceptance, a few model cases of positive promotion for training and recruiting foreign workers have a significant implication on the transformation of the construction labor market in the context of aging society in transition.

著者

藤岡 伸明

出版者

東信堂

雑誌

労働社会学研究 (ISSN:13457357)

巻号頁・発行日

no.13, pp.36-68, 2012