- 著者
-
北場 勉
- 出版者
- 日本社会事業大学
- 雑誌
- 日本社会事業大学研究紀要 (ISSN:0916765X)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.55, pp.3-37, 2009-02
方面委員とは、大阪府が、1918(大正7)年の米騒動を契機に、同年10月に、創設したものである。方面委員は、行政機関から委嘱を受け、地域の社会調査、医療保護、職業紹介、乳児の保護などを行った。東京では、1918年に救済委員、1920年に方面委員が創設された。 東京へは、継続して人口が流入したが、日露戦争後、及び、第一次世界大戦後に人口流入が激化した。人口流入により、都市問題が発生し、中心部の人口が停滞し、周辺地域の人口が増加した。一方で、従来の社会的絆は崩壊の危機を迎えていた。 大都市は自治権が弱く、財政力もなかったため、住民自ら問題を解決しなければならなかった。こうして、大正期に地域の住民で組織する「町内会」が激増する。行政も町内会の設立を望んだ。この町内会との密接な関連の下に、方面委員制度が生まれてくる。方面委員の職業は自営業で、明治期に来住した者が多く、地付きの名望家ではない。 大正期には、都市での人口定着が顕著になり、中心部から周辺部への人口移動がみられた。Homeniin System was founded, after the rice riot, by the government of Osaka prefecture on Octorber 7th, 1918. Homeniin had been appointed by the government, and had conducted regional social servey, offered health protection, introduced a job and afforded protection to infant. In Tokyo, Kyusaiiin System was founded in 1918, and Homeniin System was founded in 1920. Population flow to Tokyo was always continuing. After Japanese-Russo War and World War Ⅰ, population flow had gathered volume. Population flow had caused urban problem. Population of central portion had grown stagnant, and population of neighboring part had experienced an increase. On the other hand, traditional social ties had been disrupted. Because of weak autonomy and financial difficulties of big city, inhabitant had to resolve urban problem by their own abilities. Thus "Neighborhood Association" organized by inhabitants of the district had drastically increased in the Taisho era. The government had also hoped to organize "Neighborhood Association". With close relationship of "Neighborhood Association", Homeniin system had been born. Occupation of the person who had been appointed to Homeniin was mainly self-owned business. And he/she was incomer in the Meiji era, not the native of high standing. In the Taisho era, incomer had eminently come to stay in Tokyo. Demographic shift from central portion to neighboring part had been observed. Homeniin had gave aid to the poor who had got left behind of this demographic shift.