著者

吉弘 憲介

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

桃山学院大学経済経営論集 (ISSN:02869721)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.3, pp.67-99, 2016-03-03

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the characteristics of the tax reform plans that have been discussed during the Obama administration. Although President Obama aimed to restore the vertical equity of the tax system at the start of his administration, he lost the political advantage to carry out fundamental tax reforms when the Democratic Party was defeated at the midterm elections in the fall of 2010, and the actual scale of the tax reforms remained small. However, the discussions over the tax reform plans during this period involved issues related to US federal finances and how tax policies should deal with problems of American society. In this paper I compare the three comprehensive tax reform plans that have been discussed by both the Democratic and Republican parties during the Obama administration and extract the focal point of the tax reform discussions in the United States from the similarities in the plans. As a result, 1) all three plans were modeled on the 1986 tax reforms and aimed to reduce tax rates as well as expand the tax base; and 2) the plans also intended to recover vertical equity by eliminating tax preference for financial income. However, 3) it has become clear that it is difficult to thoroughly discuss such plans in Congress amid polarization of politics in the United States and extremely arduous to pave the way for specific reforms despite the need for fundamental tax reforms.

著者

大島 一二

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

桃山学院大学経済経営論集 (ISSN:02869721)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.3, pp.33-48, 2016-03

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This article mainly discusses the following issues: 1) Under the inflexible socialism economic system till the end of 1970's, large amount of the surplus labor were produced in rural China. 2) After the reform and opening of the economy by the Chinese government in 1980's, the industrialization in rural China enabled nearly one hundred million rural surplus labor to be employed successfully. 3) Because of the decline in employment in non-agricultural sector in China after 1990, immigrant labor to the cities have been increased. 4) These huge immigrants from the farming area to the cities brought serious impacts to the society. In the farming area, serious shortage of backbone young population caused the "hollowing-out" of rural society and economy and declined the agricultural production as well. This problem will possibly become a large obstacle to the development of agricultural economy. 5) Thus, reconsideration should be necessary about the significance of the development of agricultural economy through promoting the rural manufacturing and service industry.

著者

建部 正義

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

桃山学院大学経済経営論集 (ISSN:02869721)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.4, pp.413-424, 2001-03

著者

河合 勝彦

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

桃山学院大学経済経営論集 (ISSN:02869721)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, no.3, pp.331-355, 2002-12-20

著者

見浪 知信

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

桃山学院大学経済経営論集 (ISSN:02869721)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, no.1, pp.1-29, 2020-07

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the actual situation andcharacteristics of trade, especially exports, in Tokyo during the interwarperiod (late 1910s-1930s). During the interwar period, In Tokyo, Industrywas developed in its central and coastal areas, and exports expanded withchanging their items. This paper takes a quantitative look at Tokyo'sexport trade from trade surveys and other sources and analyzes thecharacteristics of Tokyo's export trade during the period throughcomparisons with other regions.Japan's exports during the interwar period showed an upward trend,except for the post-World War I period and the period of contractioncaused by the Great Depression. And the share of industrial products inexports increased from the mid-1920s. This paper examines the export ofsuch industrial products, focusing on Tokyo products. Much research hasbeen accumulated on the process of industrial development in Tokyoduring the interwar period. However, in contrast to these studies, it can besaid that the research has not progressed with respect to the export ofindustrial products. In terms of commodity distribution history, research onexports has not progressed. Many studies have focused on consumptionand domestic distribution within the Tokyo area, because of its size as aconsumption market. This paper examines the export of Tokyo products,which have received little attention in the past, and clarifies theircharacteristics.

著者

金子 甫 Hajime Kaneko

出版者

桃山学院大学経済経営学会

雑誌

桃山学院大学経済経営論集 (ISSN:02869721)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.1, pp.56-86, 1974-06

著者

中村 勝之 野尻 亘

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

桃山学院大学経済経営論集 (ISSN:02869721)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.2, pp.183-211, 2019-10

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Wide-ranging discussions have taken place, in fields including bothregulation theory and economic geography, concerning the impact of Justin-Time(hereafter JIT)production on industrial location.In particular, the series of analyses by McCann, based on partialequilibrium theory, offer an important theoretical approach for the locationmodel in relation to the adoption of JIT. To the concepts of transportationcosts and distance found in conventional location theory models, McCannadded the concepts of commodity procurement and inventory control costs,to create a logistical cost model. His approach revealed that differences inthe optimal size of transportation lots for the adoption of JIT clearly affectboth location clustering and dispersal.This paper takes up Harrigan and Venables(2006)as a location modelrelated to JIT in spatial economics based on a general equilibrium model.Through a close reading of their analysis, we seek to clarify the manner inwhich their analysis approached the constituent causes of industrialclustering following the adoption of JIT.Our reading revealed that, according to Harrigan and Venables(2006),the following points contribute to the clustering of parts suppliers followingthe adoption of JIT.First, despite high transportation costs, clustering of parts suppliers didnot occur since parts could be punctually delivered when the product wasin its final assembly stage. In other words, the clustering of parts suppliersin the vicinity of the production point occurs only under uncertain deliveryconditions.Second, agglomeration of parts suppliers occurs when there is a risk ofdeliveries being delayed thanks to their having to be procured fromelsewhere, to prevent increases in production costs and consequent declinein demand for the product.We conclude that, if effective communication systems can be employedto cope with sudden changes in order quantity and to eliminate theproblems of defective parts and excess inventory, transactions involvingJIT will be possible even with parts suppliers located far from theproduction point.

著者

望月 和彦

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

桃山学院大学経済経営論集 (ISSN:02869721)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, no.4, pp.73-123, 2015-03

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After reopening of stock markets, stock and commodity markets recovered stability temporary in mid-May. But in late May markets began to oscillate again. On 24th May the bankruptcy of Nanajushi Bank shocked markets severely. Mogi-shoten, a big trading company in those days, went bankrupt by failure of speculation on cotton.Nanajushi Bank was an affiliate company of Mogi-shoten and the bank lent about half of its lending to Mogi-shoten. Nanajushi Bank supplied money to silk industry and silk exports as well. Prices of silk threads and silk products fell sharply after the bankruptcy of Nanajushi Bank. Panic expanded to other markets. Many banks faced a run. Rice prices fell down in both future and kind markets because farms inflicted heavy loss by the price fall of cocoon wanted to sell their major product of rice to cover the loss. In money markets the interest rate of overnight lending stayed at lower level, on the other hand discount rate were high and few banks would lend money at that rate. Credits among banks were disappeared. Many trades were made through cash base. Lower interest rates didn't contribute to the recovery of economy. The economy fell into "the trap of liquidity". Businessmen expected the government and BOJ to take measures to the depression after the bankruptcy of Nanajushi Bank. Many newspapers and journals misreported that the government decided to take extra measures to rescue industries. And markets recovered temporally for the misreported news. But the Hara cabinet didn't take extra measures to the financial crisis. Disappointed by the inaction of the government, markets fell down again. In addition the wave of depression came from the US and European economies. The BOJ hesitated to take easy money policy, instead it lend money to an industry which succeeded to organize syndicates to finance from the BOJ. The BOJ provided relief loan at a discretional base which mass media attacked fiercely. A credit squeeze and market closure resulted in systemic risk of financial markets.

著者

望月 和彦

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

桃山学院大学経済経営論集 (ISSN:02869721)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.1, pp.115-158, 2013-10

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After the great crash of15th March, markets of stocks and commodities continued to turmoil. At the end of March the future markets of stocks and commodities were cleared but that wasn't a true clearance. Because clients of local areas refused to receive stocks which were falling and brokers of stock and bankers who lent money to them found pile up stocks to be cleared in their hands and in their safe. Such manipulation was brought to light by the bankruptcy of Masuda Bill Broker Bank on7th April. Prices of stocks and commodities fell sharply and the stock markets were closed. In meanwhile the tops of stock exchanges begged the finance minister Korekiyo Takahashi and the governor of the BOJ Junnosuke Inoue to finance for the clearance of stock trades. The BOJ announced to finance stock traders through their banks. And the finance minister Takahashi announced the troubles of stock market were resolved by the relief finance of BOJ but the stock market was collapsed on the day Takahashi made the announcement.

著者

木村 二郎 Jiro Kimura 桃山学院大学経済学部

出版者

桃山学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

桃山学院大学経済経営論集 (ISSN:02869721)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.2, pp.457-463, 2010-02

著者

任 琳

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

桃山学院大学経済経営論集 (ISSN:02869721)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.3, pp.339-375, 2014-02-28

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The Livelihood Protection Law of Japan was enacted in 1946 and revised in 1950. A livelihood protection system, which is a core of Japan's public assistance, has been applied for more than half a century. However, the livelihood protection system has never been effected a drastic reform. The system has not properly been adjusted to social changes such as aging population, declining birthrate, and structural changes in household and employment status. Due to the imperfection of Japan's social security system, the livelihood protection system has performed a function of all the last safety-net. This paper aims at explaining actual conditions of the livelihood protection in Osaka City and its influencing factors. The analysis is carried out by using municipal district data. To explain the cause of the high rate of livelihood protection in Osaka City may have an important meaning for considering improvements and reform of the Japanese livelihood protection system.

著者

中野 瑞彦

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

桃山学院大学経済経営論集 (ISSN:02869721)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.3, pp.101-130, 2016-03-03

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Resona Bank reimbursed the public fund in June 2015 which had been injected in March 1999. The capital to asset ratio of the bank had been less than 4% which was the minimum requirement for running domestic banking business. The main purpose of the injection was to keep the stability of the financial system by preventing a big bank from collapsing. After the injection the bank restructured their business and accumulated reserves for repayment. But it took more than 16 years to reimburse the public fund. Tax payers had incurred a risk of loss for such a long time. It should be evaluated whether the public injection into Resona Bank was useful in terms of the stability of the financial system. After 2006 the public fund has been injected into some of the regional banks under the new act and scheme. Its original aim was to support a disposal of the non-performing loans of the regional financial institutions and to promote an integration of them. But the original aim faded away through the two revisions due to the Lehman Shock and the East Japan Great Earthquake. As a result the aim of the act and the scheme has been changed to provide regional financial institutions some resource to sustain their lending to the SMEs that were suffering from the economic downturn. In reality the act and the scheme have become a measure to rescue an individual financial institution itself rather than to keep the stability of the regional financial system. It is important to re-consider a meaning of the public fund injection. A loss of the fund will be finally incurred by tax payers. Most of remote areas in Japan have a few serious economic problems such as an aging population and deindustrialization. It will finally result in a contraction of financial business there. The regional financial institutions are required to supply a risk money and offer a highly professional business consultation to their clients. They need to strengthen themselves in both finance and management for the future. The public fund should be utilized to promote an integration of regional financial institutions rather than to help their independence as an individual entity.

著者

大島 一二

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

桃山学院大学経済経営論集 (ISSN:02869721)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.4, pp.119-143, 2014-03-28

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This paper reports the current situation of the advance of Chinese national farms in Russia. According to the material, this movement is regarded as the result of the surplus labor in Chinese rural area. It can also be attributed to the result of Chinese securing foods. The advance into the Republic of Kazakhstan is reported as well. Roles of the government, national farms and the family business are regarded as follows; Family business actors are the agents of the advance and management. They have at least over 33.3ha farms, some have about thousands Mu. They usually have as large as 10-100 times of those in domestic farms. National farms act as the association of the advance and the contractor of land lease. Government sector negotiates and seals agreements with the counter countries for the advance. The material also illustrated the following problems; Russian side has problems such as 1) collapsed agricultural infrastructure after the end of Soviet Union, 2) strict policy of the custom and immigrant office and difficulties in obtaining the visa, 3) difficulties in seeking productive tools, 4) Russian's hostile attitude that regarding China as "threat," 5) difficulties in sales in the far east of Russia and so on. Chinese side has problems such as 1) individual farms' financial shortage of development funds, 2) jumps of importing costs (cheaper cost of producing in Russia loses its merit because of the high tariff,) and so on. To solve these problems, the material insisted the steps such as government's positive action, non-profitable insurance, and advantageous tariff for imported agricultural products from Russia, low interest funds for the family business farms and their workers.

著者

芝村 篤樹

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

桃山学院大学経済経営論集 (ISSN:02869721)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.3, pp.1-32, 2017-12

著者

査 蕾

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

桃山学院大学経済経営論集 (ISSN:02869721)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.1, pp.137-155, 2016-07-06

著者

大島 一二

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

桃山学院大学経済経営論集 (ISSN:02869721)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.1, pp.7-22, 2013-10-31

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In Macau, the casino industry's rights of management have been opened in early in 2000's. The rights which had been monopolized by Sociedade de Jogos de Macau (SJM) opened to the Hongkong and the American enterprises. This participation by a Las-vegas enterprise erased previous dark image of casinos in Macau and made them change into the huge bright resort facilities where families can enjoy. These huge resorts are called as "Integrated resorts" which consist of multiplex facilities such as casinos, hotels, restaurants, shopping-malls, theaters, convention centers, and so on. This integrated-resorts' developments made huge success and brought enormous tourists and benefits to Macau. Macau government also obtained huge increase in fiscal revenue. The integrated-resorts' developments also have large capacity of employment so that unemployment rate in Macau has declined from 6% to 2%. Casino's developments brought Macau citizens many employment opportunities, high incomes and high-level social securities, too. On the other hand, there also remain some problems. This extra ordinary inclination toward a single industry of casino in all the social and economic aspects might influence the future economic development of Macau.

著者

牧野 丹奈子

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

桃山学院大学経済経営論集 (ISSN:02869721)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.1, pp.21-61, 2016-07-06

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In this paper, we use the term "sociality" in contrast with "economy" to indicate performance that creates value for society. To consider "sociality" in business, we require a dynamic system to describe the interactive change between agents tackling social problems and the society. Those who consider the concept of a dynamic system for sociality need to regard themselves as actual elements of the system. In other words, they need to recognize that they can change the system by their own efforts. In this paper, we found that consideration of such a system results in proactiveness, a sense of responsibility, and positive behavior in individuals through our interview research.

著者

口野 直隆/大島 一二 大島 一二

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

桃山学院大学経済経営論集 (ISSN:02869721)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, no.3, pp.1-12, 2015-02-27

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This paper examines the strategy of development in Chinese food service market focusing on Saizeriya's case, one of the leading Japanese food service chain. In spite of expanding share of Japanese food service industry in Chinese market, media says that some companies are facing difficulties. Saizeriya's case could be described as a success when defining it as consequent increase of numbers of restraint after entering Chinese market. In this case study, factors of Saizeriya's success were analyzed focusing on it's strategy on1) procurement of food materials and2) labor management. This paper described how Saizeriya developed their business in Chinese food industry with using these strategies.

著者

周 家星

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

桃山学院大学経済経営論集 (ISSN:02869721)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, no.3, pp.69-97, 2015-02-27

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Since the1990s, important changes have occurred in the stock ownership structure of large enterprises in Japan. One of the most significant changes can be summarized briefly as the declining share of corporate shareholders on the one hand, and the increasing share of domestic and international institutional investors on the other.This article reviews two problems caused by the changing structure of shareholders. The first is whether banks and insurance companies will continue to play the role of shareholders loyal to management. The second problem is whether the new major investors can be considered to be stable and long-term investors. Regarding the first problem, analysis of changes in the composition and shareholding ratio of twenty major shareholders in Japan's large enterprises points to the conclusion that although the ratio of shares held by banks and insurance companies has declined significantly, they continue to hold a very important position amongst loyal shareholders. In this context, it is clear that solid support for enterprise management cannot depend solely on the shareholding ratio of the traditional loyal stockholders. Regarding the second problem, analysis of the substance and nature of large institutional investors indicates that their investment judgment and exercise of voting rights are heavily influenced by the stance of their parent companies, which are domestic and international mega banks and financial groups. In addition, it is important to note that the investment decisions and voting behavior of mega banks and financial groups are based not only on their interest as stakeholders but also on careful attention to relations with the enterprise concerned.

著者

望月 和彦

出版者

桃山学院大学

雑誌

桃山学院大学経済経営論集 (ISSN:02869721)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.54, no.1, pp.35-70, 2012-06-15

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On15th March 1920, the prices of stocks and commodities fell dramatically. That great fall was named "Daihando". As has been said in previous papers, a credit squeeze was brought by the domestic and external factors. The former is money fixation in the banking sector which deprived banks of capability to lend money. The latter is money shrink caused by the deficit of international trade. The credit squeeze caused Daihando in two ways, that is, (1) by the credit squeeze the interest rate was higher than a dividend yield of stocks so that it got irrational to invest in stocks, (2) many speculators bought stocks and commodities by borrowing money from banks, but by the credit squeeze the banks refused to lend money to the speculators, so that they had to sell their stocks and commodities if the market of stocks or any commodities had faced the turmoil. The market situation as a whole was so vulnerable to the external or internal shocks through this interlinkage between markets. The price fall began first in the future rice market on 10 th March. Then it spread to other market including stock market with panic sales. On15th March the great price fall came out in the stock market. The credit squeeze was a result of the lending restriction of the BOJ. The BOJ took the tight money policies since October1919, but they had no effect on the bubble ballooning. So instead of rising the discount rates which was politically difficult, the BOJ tried to restrict lending to the banks. This caused the credit squeeze which led the collapse of bubble.