著者

藤田 哲也

出版者

法政大学文学部

雑誌

法政大学文学部紀要 = Bulletin of Faculty of Letters, Hosei University (ISSN:04412486)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.49, pp.121-137, 2004-03-02

著者

内藤 淳

出版者

法政大学文学部

雑誌

法政大学文学部紀要 = Bulletin of Faculty of Letters, Hosei University (ISSN:04412486)

巻号頁・発行日

no.75, pp.13-59, 2017

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According to Jeremy Bentham, human nature is governed by pleasure and pain, and increasing pleasure and avoiding pain is the primary interest of human beings. Men, he opines, act innately to achieve this outcome. This idea was termed psychological egoism and has been criticized by many scholars for a long time. However, Bentham did acknowledge that men sometimes acted in the interests of others. To be precise, he was of the opinion that men acted both selfishly and altruistically, but were more likely to act selfishly. This is not perfect egoism; it is what is called "relative psychological egoism." We can modify Bentham's ideas in terms of evolutionary psychology to explain our innate reactions to pleasure and pain and their influence on our behavior. By examining the human mind and its mechanisms from the standpoint of evolutionary psychology, we learn about how it operates to produce adaptive behavior, which helps in coping with varied and diverse environmental stimuli. In other words, our minds fundamentally operate in our best self-interests because our adapted behavior adheres to this. We thus introduce "absolute psychological egoism" based on this understanding of the human mind and the behavior that it results in. Absolute psychological egoism is consistent with the premises of the "moral foundations theory" proposed by Jonathan Haidt, a social and cultural psychologist; it also counters different criticisms leveled against general psychological egoism and Bentham's views on human nature by the likes of Joseph Butler, James Rachels, Bhikhu Parekh, Robert Nozick, and John Stuart Mill. By proposing absolute psychological egoism as a modified version of Bentham's standpoint on relative psychological egoism, we attempt to redefine and advance the theory of human nature.

著者

福田 由紀 内山 和希

出版者

法政大学文学部

雑誌

法政大学文学部紀要 = Bulletin of Faculty of Letters, Hosei University (ISSN:04412486)

巻号頁・発行日

no.70, pp.89-100, 2014

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本研究では,印刷物とタブレット,パソコンディスプレイといった表示媒体の特性が校正読みにおける誤字脱字検出や内容理解にどのような影響があるのかを検討した。大学生に文章を提示し,文章中の誤字脱字検出課題と内容理解課題を課した。また,表示媒体に関する主観的な印象評価や慣れに関して尋ねた。その結果,実験参加者の各媒体への慣れの程度は同様であった。誤字脱字検出数は,印刷物条件≒タブレット条件>パソコン条件の順で有意に高かった。一方,内容理解に関しては有意な差は認められなかった。さらに印象評価を因子分析した結果,「読書しやすさ因子」,「見やすさ因子」「疲れにくさ因子」が抽出された。「読書しやすさ因子」のみ,印刷物条件≒タブレット条件>パソコン条件の順で有意に評価が高かった。誤字脱字検出数に影響を与える要因を特定するために重回帰分析を行った結果,「操作性の高さ」と「疲れにくさ因子」がポジティブに影響していた。これらの結果より,各媒体への慣れの程度が同じ場合には,操作性の優れた印刷物やタブレットがパソコンディスプレイよりも校正読みの成績にポジティブな影響を与えることがわかった。In this study, we investigated the influence of presentation media on error detection and comprehension during proof reading, comparing of printed matter, tablet computer and PC dis play. The university students as participant were familiar with the operation of each presenta tion medium. In the error detection task, both of the printed matter condition and the tablet condition were significantly superior to the PC display condition. However, there was no signifi cant difference among presentation medium on the comprehension task. Three factors were extracted from factorial analysis of subjective evaluation of each presentation medium; "easiness of reading" factor, "easiness of looking" factor and "tiredness hard" factor. In only the score of "easiness of reading" factor, both of the printed matter condition and the tablet condition were significantly superior to the PC display condition. To explore the factors which affect the error detection performance, we conducted a multiple linear regression analysis. The results revealed that the operability of presentation media and "tiredness hard" factor influenced positively the detection of errors. These results showed that both of the printed matter and the tablet which are easy to operate are superior to the PC display on proof reading when users are experienced in operation of three media.

著者

木島 泰三

出版者

法政大学文学部

雑誌

法政大学文学部紀要 = Bulletin of Faculty of Letters, Hosei University (ISSN:04412486)

巻号頁・発行日

no.65, pp.31-48, 2012

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In another article, I proposed an interpretation of Spinoza's view on causality, according to which Spinoza conceived every kind of causation as a peculiar type of agent causation, namely, deterministic agent causation. And in this paper, I will apply this reading to Spinoza's theory of complex bodies and reconsider its conceptual structure from the point of my Spinoza-as-agent-causalist interpretation.Agent causation is a kind of causation in which an agent is the cause and its action is the effect. In Spinoza, the substance or God is the agent-cause and the "modes" are its effects, and again, the modes - which are the "affections" of God and amount to particular individuals such as human bodies or other bodies - are the agent-causes and (at least some of)their affections are their effects. Namely, both of God and his modes are the causes of their affections. In Spinoza's terminology, such kind of cause is called "immanent cause". In the case of modes, they are also "transient causes" that have their effects outside them. And in causation between modes, both of immanent cause and transient cause have their own causal contribution in the effect.We saw this model of causation has at least three levels of causal terms: substance, modes and affections of modes. Now one can ask whether there are more levels, for example, affections of affections of modes. I reply to this question affirmatively. Indeed, these levels are so many asthe number of the levels of complex bodies.Above structure of causation must be preserved in the production of complex bodies, e.g. human bodies, by other individuals. In the case of a human body, the transient causes of it are the external bodies which are necessary for production and preservation of the body. And itsimmanent causes are its composing bodies collectively determined to compose the body. Therefore, a human body is causally dependent on its components wholly, just as the modes on God or the bodily affections on its body. Again, these composing bodies are caused immanently bybodies composing these composing bodies, and so forth until most basic particulars or the "simplest bodies". So, the simplest bodies are the first order modes, and every other (complex) body is caused immanently and determined by the simplest bodies.This conclusion we got may sound very similar to the reductionist view of human body (or human mind). But it also has similarity to the emergentist view as well. For, it acknowledges distinct reality of human bodies or composed individuals generally, because they have immanentcausal powers.

著者

山口 誠一

出版者

法政大学文学部

雑誌

法政大学文学部紀要 = Bulletin of Faculty of Letters, Hosei University (ISSN:04412486)

巻号頁・発行日

no.69, pp.13-24, 2014

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本論考は,『精神現象学』序説の「Ⅰ 現代哲学の課題」の「〔3〕原理は完成ではないこと,形式主義に対する反対」の後半部を扱う。ここでは,ヴォルフ学派から『精神現象学』の前に到るまでの体系哲学への道について語られている。とりわけ哲学の体系化を形式化と表現し,シェリングとその学派が形式主義に陥った理由を説明している。

著者

山口 誠一

出版者

法政大学文学部

雑誌

法政大学文学部紀要 = Bulletin of Faculty of Letters, Hosei University (ISSN:04412486)

巻号頁・発行日

no.73, pp.13-25, 2016

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命題では絶対者が主体の表象主語である場合がある。しかし,命題では主体は叙述されない。主語「神」は名前にすぎない。述定によって主語は現実的知になる。また,純粋概念には意味のない音は本来不要である。しかるに「神」は主体表象の音にすぎない。命題形式における固定主語と述語の関係も外的である。述定運動は命題内容を主体として叙述する。知る主観の運動は命題内容そのものに属さない。述定運動も命題内容に属していない。Subjektは主体でもあり主語でもある。主体は静止した点ではなくて自己運動である。

著者

山口 誠一

出版者

法政大学文学部

雑誌

法政大学文学部紀要 = Bulletin of Faculty of Letters, Hosei University (ISSN:04412486)

巻号頁・発行日

no.71, pp.1-12, 2015

著者

漆原 和子

出版者

法政大学文学部

雑誌

法政大学文学部紀要 = Bulletin of Faculty of Letters, Hosei University (ISSN:04412486)

巻号頁・発行日

no.66, pp.31-39, 2012

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バスク地方は,ヒツジの移牧の発生の地であるといわれている。このバスク地方のうち,フランスのバスク地方におけるヒツジの移牧の現状を知り,ルーマニア・南カルパチア山脈におけるヒツジの移牧の現状と比較することを目的として調査した。現在のバスク地方は,バスク語を用いる人々によって,ヒツジの正移牧が維持されている。EU 加盟後も,伝統的な移牧を維持しつづけてきた牧童たちは,将来も維持しつづけられると考えている。その理由は,良質のヒツジのチーズをつくり,"Ossau-Iraty"(オッソー・イラティー)のブランド名を付け,人気を博していることにある。チーズの質を維持できるのは,ヒツジに対しても,製品に対しても,殺虫,殺菌をすることをせず,草地もすべて自然にこだわっている。冬の飼料も自然の干草か,有機栽培によるトウモロコシ,大豆に限定していることにある。チーズの質を求めるならば,移牧の形式は必要である。牧童たちはこの方法を維持する限り,将来も十分に消費者の需要があると考えている。筆者も本調査の結果から,その考えを支持する。In the Basque area of the Pyrenees Mts., France, the transhumance of sheep used to be conductedin the form of intermediate-stationed transhumance prior to World War I. Today, the style oftranshumance has changed to ascending transhumance. In this study, a questionnaire survey ofshepherds was conducted in Ossau valley. This valley was formed by glacial activity during the lastglacial period. Sheep stay at the bottom of the glacial cirque around the altitude of 1700-1800 m a.s.l.where sheep, cattle and horses graze on 1,400ha as their summer range. The local breed of sheep isthe "BASCO-BEARNAISE". From July 1st to the middle September, the shepherds milk the ewestwo times a day. They use the milk to make "Ossau-Iraty" cheese. They sell the cheese throughthe market or directly to private visitors. The summer huts are used by the shepherds alone orwith their families. The living facilities are completely modernized with solar batteries, mobilephones, tap water and computers. The quality of cheese is the best in Europe. To achieve this qualityof cheese, a supply of clean cold water, soft natural grass and a cool climate are required. Theseconditions are needed to maintain the quality of both the cheese and the meat. Thus, the transhumanceof sheep in this area, meets conditions for sustainability in the future also.