著者
橘 日出来
出版者
日本ニュージーランド学会
雑誌
日本ニュージーランド学会誌 (ISSN:18839304)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.20, pp.54-66, 2013-06-15 (Released:2017-04-15)

The aim of this paper is to investigate the origin of Maori pa(fortified village) from the viewpoint of kumara(sweet potato) which is considered to be one of the principal food for Maori people. First, I present the outline of the previous research concerning kumara and pa. Second, factors related to kumara cultivation such as claimate, soil, and etc. are examined. Third, technology or art concerning kumara cultivation will be considered. Forth, characteristics of kumara as a food will be investigated. Finally, based on the above mentioned characteristics related to kumara, I will frame a hypothesis and try to demonstrate the hypothesis as follows; that is, kumara cultivation invites people to kumara land, and the population there increases, as a result there happens shortage of kumara, therefore, conflicts as to acquisition of kumara garden among the tribes concerned break out, and each tribe takes necessary measures to protect the people and property and begins construction of fortified villages, thus pa originates in the kumara land among others in the northern part of North Island, Aotearoa where provides suitable field for kumara cultivation. As a coclusion, my premise from kumara cultivation to pa construction is proved, I think. That is to say, the origin of Maori pa is directory and closely related to kumara cultivation.
著者
山本 英嗣
出版者
日本ニュージーランド学会
雑誌
日本ニュージーランド学会誌 (ISSN:18839304)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.22, pp.30-38, 2015-07-04 (Released:2017-04-15)

The article aims at considering some historical legal issues about whaling that have risen by the decision of Whale Case in ICJ in 2014. In this case, what was the problem is the international legality of the Japanese government whaling in the Southern Ocean. Through the historical aspects of Japan and New Zealand for "whaling," the domestic and international laws should be interpreted for protecting whales as natural resources.
著者
秦 玲子
出版者
日本ニュージーランド学会
雑誌
日本ニュージーランド学会誌 (ISSN:18839304)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.18, pp.53-66, 2011-06-18

The purpose of this paper is revealing how people revitalized Moko/Maori Tattoo. Maori people have strongly revitalized many cultural aspects in New Zealand from 1960s-70s. Moko is one of the cultural aspects revitalized, and now Moko, especially facial Moko, is acknowledged as an important cultural aspect of Maori and often symbolizes Maori on TV or in Magazines. However, the process of the revitalization of Moko/Maori Tattoo and Ta Moko/Maori Tattooing is unveiled. From the early contact period, the 18th-19th century, Moko have always attracted people's attention. There are many Europeans' writings and drawings on Moko, and some researches which examine those historical records. However, the research on the revitalization is not fully advanced. Though there are some photographic works and academic researches on the revival, it is still unclear that how the revitalization has been progressed and how Ta Moko is practiced now. This paper examines and put in order the history of the revitalization. The main materials to draw the picture are local magazines, news papers and interviews with artists. The key aspect of the revitalization is detaching "Maori Moko" from marginality or stigmatism of "tattoo", which is also parallel to making more positive public view on Maori. After the practice of Ta Moko stopped in the middle of 20th century, tattooing practice was carried out by local gangs and activists. Though gang and global tattoo culture played a great roll to keep the practice, Moko was added marginality. The people who got rid of the stigmatism from Moko are the artists who came in the late 1980s-90s from Maori Arts. Through Ta Moko Wananga/Ta Moko learning or seminar and Ta Moko events, they educated people and reclaimed the positive view of Moko within Maori Culture.
著者
佐島 直子
出版者
日本ニュージーランド学会
雑誌
日本ニュージーランド学会誌
巻号頁・発行日
vol.6, pp.41-54, 1999-12-10

冷戦下、ニュージーランドは、ANZUS同盟(米国、オーストラリアとの三国間同盟)の一員として,西側の安全保障に積極的に貢献した。しかしニュージーランドでは、70年代から国民の反核意識が高まり、80年代に入ると核に対する態度の違いから、米国との同盟関係に亀裂が生じた。1985年、米海軍の核兵器塔載可能な駆逐艦「ブキャナン」の寄港をニュージーランドが拒否したことから、米国はニュージーランドへの安全保障義務を停止し、現在もなお、その関係は改善されていない。 このANZUS機器を契機として、ニュージーランド労働党政権は,より自立的、地域的な安全保障上の役割を模索した。その結果、ニュージーランドでは冷戦の終焉を待たずして、周辺各国との間に独自の安全保障ネットワークが形成された。 しかしながら、1990年に成立した国民党政権(その後一時連立政権)は、米国との関係改善を最重要外交課題として掲げ、湾岸戦争ではいち早く医療チームを派遣するなど、伝統的な安全保障上の役割への回帰を希求している。もっとも、核に対する強硬な政策は国内政治上の配慮から転換されていない。また、80年代半ばから進められた行政改革の波は国防予算をも締め付けている。軍事力の近代化が著しいアジア・太平洋地域にあって、ニュージーランド装備は老朽化が目立っている。1997年にはようやく長期的な防衛力整備計画が示されたものの、その実現には様様な障害が立ちはだかっている。かたや、冷戦後の国際社会では国際的な平和維持活動の所要は拡大する一方である。現状のニュージーランドの防衛力では、いずれ思うような貢献がままならない事態となる。 今後のニュージーランドは、安全保障上の役割を抜本的に参考する必要がある。とりわけ問題となるのは、陸海空三軍の合理的統合;オーストラリア軍との防衛力緊密化計画;周辺国との良好な安全保障関係の維持・継続;平和維持活動への参加基準、の見直しである。 こうした課題と真摯に取り組むことで、米国とも「同盟国ではないが友好国」としての新しい関係が構築されていくであろう。また、安全保障上の役割を拡大している日本との二国間関係も今後より重要になるであろう。
著者
堀 千珠
出版者
日本ニュージーランド学会
雑誌
日本ニュージーランド学会誌
巻号頁・発行日
vol.11, pp.46-50, 2004-06-19

I work as a Food and Beverage Industry analyst at one of major banks in Japan. Since I participated in Speight's Brewery and Cadbury Confectionery tours (as a tourist) in February 2004, I would like to take this opportunity to introduce them to you. If you are a beer or chocolate lover who happens to visit Dunedin in the future, then I suggest you book these tours for both sightseeing and tasting purposes. 1.Speight's Brewery [Facts] ・Established by Mr. Speights in 1876 ・Belongs to Lion Breweries as a result of amalgamation in 1920s ・Number of employees have dwindled to 38 due to modenization ・Brewery Tour has been operated since 1983 It includes introduction of beer history and manufacturing as well as tastings [Impression] It was interesting to take a look at a medium-sized brewery like this one, because in Japan there are only big suburban up-to-date breweries of major beer manufacturers and microbreweries in local areas. I was a bit surprised to find canning and bottling facility (in Christchurch) was separated from the brewery, as it is quite unusual in Japan. Presumably it is a good way of maintaining locally brewed brands while pursuing the merit of scale by canning and bottling many different brands at one facility. 2.Cadbury Confectionery [Facts] ・Arrived in Dunedin over 70 years ago when Cadbury acquired the business of R. Hudson & Co. Ltd. ・Produces about 85% of all chocolate manufactured in NZ ・One of the largest employers in Dunedin, with a staff of more than 650 people ・Public tour have started only within recent years It includes audiovisual displays and close-up looks of manufacturing processes [Impression] I did not find so much difference between this factory and Japanese confectionery factories (except perhaps a little more emphasis on hygienic control in the latter). But the fact the inventory here is lowest before Christmas Holidays reminded me that employees seem to be blessed with more rights and consumers are less overcautious about purchasing newer products, both compared with Japanese counterparts.
著者
ケン マクニール
出版者
日本ニュージーランド学会
雑誌
日本ニュージーランド学会誌
巻号頁・発行日
vol.9, pp.2-11, 2002-06-22

第二次大戦以前、日本とニュージーランドの交流は極めて少なかった。その中で、1880年代から1930年代にかけて行なわれた大日本帝国海軍練習艦隊のニュージーランド訪問は、13回にのぼり、両国間の少ない交流の中で大きな役割を果たしたと言える。これらの訪問は、西洋社会の政治的対日認識の移り変わりという観点から、3つの時期に分けることができる。第一期、第二期については既に述べたので、本稿では、第三期の訪問について論じる。練習艦隊の訪問第三期は1920〜1930年代で、それは日本が、太平洋の白人諸国との利害の衝突や大陸での軍事行動などで、以前にも増して非難を浴びた時代であった。そのため、南太平洋の白人主義の地に寄港した練習艦の軍人は当然冷淡に扱われるはずであったが、実はそうではなかった。ニュージーランドは、日本とは利害の衝突が直接にはなく、また、第一次世界大戦中に日本海軍が海路防衛の役割を果たしたことをまだ高く評価していた。そのため、日本海軍の防衛に依存していた時代ほどではなかったが、ニュージーランド人は依然として諸手を挙げて艦隊を歓迎したのである。当時日本の近代化がかなり進んでいていたことを、ニュージーランド人はある程度知っていたはずだが、やはり「エキゾチックな日本」というイメージがまだ根強かったようである。そのため、異国情緒を求める好奇心が以前と同じように練習艦への関心を高めていたと思われる。艦隊の将校が現地のニュージーランド人のために開いた催しも、その好奇心に応えて、艦隊訪問の成功の大きな要因となった。直接にふれて確かめてからでないと物事を判断しない、と言われるニュージーランド人は、「利口」で「こざっぱりした」「礼儀正しい」日本軍人の行動や好意の表現を、自分の目で観察して、日本人は信頼できると判断したようである。勿論、艦隊の軍人を観察するニュージーランド人の中には、日本人が与えた好印象にもかかわらず、日本に対して疑いを抱いている者もいたのだが、日本を貶す意見は1935年までの練習艦隊の訪問についてのメディア報道には見られない。本稿では、練習艦隊の訪問に対する現地人の反応だけではなく、艦隊側が現地人に対して抱いた印象にもふれる。日本側はまず、遠洋航海の最果ての地ニュージーランドで盛んに受けた歓迎を喜んだようである。しかし、それと同時に、ニュージーランド人が盛んに示す好意や好奇心に比べて、真の日本についての知識に欠けていることが気になったようである。以前から、半官半民的な文化宣伝は練習艦隊の役割の大きなものの一つだったのだが、ニュージーランドのメディアに引用された日本側の発言にもあるように、西洋諸国で対日反感が募る一方の1920〜1930年代には、文化宣伝活動の重要性がさらに自覚されたようである。遠洋航海の記録にも、エキゾチックな日本に対する好奇心にアピールした催しの大成功が記されると共に、真の日本を紹介する活動の必要性も強調されている。艦隊の将校の中には、日本と英米との間の軋轢に対して軍事的解決を求める反英米派も存在していた。しかし、ニュージーランド側の場合と同様に、英米を貶す声は1935年までは日本側の記録に見られなかった。つまり、日本と英米の関係が悪化しつつある中で、1920〜1930年代の練習艦隊のニュージーランド訪問は相互的好意をその特徴としていたのである。それほど日本に対する関心が高くないニュージーランドの場合、あらかじめあった対日イメージに反応したというよりも、艦隊の訪問がそのイメージ造りに大きな役目を果たしたと言えるのだ。その意味で、練習艦隊の寄港は、好意的な対日認識形成に大いに有効であった。
著者
松本 晃徳
出版者
日本ニュージーランド学会
雑誌
日本ニュージーランド学会誌 (ISSN:18839304)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.12, pp.48-57, 2005

In 1996, I observed some significant differences between the attitudes of people in Christchurch and those of people in a multicultural city, Melbourne, in Australia, where I lived for about nine years before coming to New Zealand. At that time it seemed that many Christchurch residents were unaccustomed to contact with foreigners and were strongly influenced by British culture. However, significant changes in relation to ethnic and cultural issues have occurred in the city during over the last eight years. Although the number of Asian tourists, students and migrants dropped due to 9/11 and the SARS epidemic, the figures for Asian migrants are still dramatically higher compared with those of the 1980's. In addition, refugees have come from African countries such as Somalia and Ethiopia. as well as from some Asian countries. In 1981, according to the Press, the local newspaper in Christchurch, out of every 40 residents in Christchurch, 38 were "Pakeha" (this means European New Zealanders in the Maori language), 1 person was Maori and 1 either a Pacific Islander or a Chinese or an Indian. At present 35 out of every 40 residents are "Pakeha", 3 are Maori and the remaining 2 are Asians. There are now also numerous Asian restaurants and shops, and it is possible to meet people with a variety of ethnic backgrounds in the city. However, some serious racial and ethnic conflicts between Asian migrants and local New Zealanders have occurred in this city recently. In order to solve such ethnic conflicts, on 4 May 2004 Christchurch's Mayor, Garry Moore, organised a public hearing, inviting a previous Minister of Immigration, councillors and representatives from ethnic groups in Christchurch. However, about 2000 people demonstrated against racism on 8 May 2004. Racial issues in Christchurch have now become an important matter of public interest in New Zealand, and a number of articles about these issues appeared in May, 2004. The Press also conducted a telephone survey of the opinions of 500 Christchurch residents and 300 Auckland residents in relation to racial and ethnic issues in both cities and New Zealand in general. The survey showed that Auckland residents seemed to be more accustomed to cultural diversity than those in Christchurch. On 1 June 2004 Prime Minister, Helen Clark held a community forum in Christchurch, and presented some significant policies on ethnic issues to representatives of ethnic groups in New Zealand. The New Zealand Government has now begun to make a serious effort to tackle ethnic and multicultural issues in the same way as the Australian government did in the 1980's.
著者
村松 増美
出版者
日本ニュージーランド学会
雑誌
日本ニュージーランド学会誌
巻号頁・発行日
vol.8, pp.31-39, 2001-06-23

"Kiwis" here is a term of endearment referring to the New Zealanders, used with their concurrence and generally in their presence. A small country, no doubt. A two-frigate flotilla of the NZ Navy made a friendly port call in Tokyo nearly ten years ago. I took some of my former students who had visited NZ with me. I asked the captain of a frigate about the size of his navy, and his answer was this was it. "Is this enough to defend your country?" was my question, to which he replied, tongue in cheek, " Nobody would bother us." I like the Nzers' readiness to laugh at themselves. More than a couple of decades ago when Mr. Oyamada Takashi was appointed Japan's ambassador to NZ, he delighted the people assembled to farewell him by the following joke : Japan and NZ are quite similar in terms of the countries' shapes, land area, four seasons, coastlines, volcanoes, hotsprings, etc. Differences are the population : 126 million Japanese (thebn) and only a little over 3 million in NZ. But while NZ has more than 150 milion sheep, in Japan you can finish counting all the sheep before you become sleepy. Which joke I later improved by adding my own second punchline : As a matter of fact, in the highly congested and competitive society like Japan, you may even see some red-eyed sheep at the railroad station early in the morning try to count the comnmuters. The indigeneous residents of the Land of Long White Cloud, the Maoris, are well integrated into the society, having produced some outstanding civic and political leaders. One of the charming Maori customs maintained has been known by the misnomer "rubbing the nose." I learned the right way of Maori greeting from none other than the Queen of the Maoris who visited Japan some years ago. You hold each other's palms, put your foreheads and then your noses together lightly, close your eyes, and think about each othyer. You might say that I learned this from the royal horse's mouth. Another well-known flightless bird native to NZ Moa, had been hunted by the Maoris and became extinct two centuries ago. Having bought a cute little booklet at an NZ museum entitled NO MOA, written for young people, I kept repeating No moa, No moa, and soon came up with a rather primitive limerick A Maori from old Rotorua Came to Auckland to hunt up some moa. The museum retains Only the skeletal remains. Cried the Maori, 'Alas, there's no moa!' Unlike their siblings across the Tasman Sea, the Kiwis' ancestors were not convicts. They pride themselves of the fact their forebears came there on their own. To this their sibling rivals would immediately retort that theirs had been chosen by His Majesty's Court. What may sound like mutual insulting to the third parties is in fact friendly bantering, enjoyed by these two peoples to confirm their friendship. The Penguin books of Australian jokes, more Australian jokes, and NZ jokes are full of such bantering jokes. The butts of the jokes can be either of them. I also like the way the Kiwis are capable of laughing at themselves, in self-deprecating jokes, the best type of jokes to me. To quote just one example : Did you hear about the New Zealand businessman who was glad he was not born in Japan because he couldn't speak Japanese. By the time this unscholarly, irrelevant essay is printed, I will have finished a two-week lecture tour of NZ as a guest of the English-Speaking Union of NZ in collaboration with the English-Speaking Union of Japan. My Aussie friends, having found out about this, quickly tell to be sure to teach the Kiwis how to speak English properly. Everyone in the world has his/her own national, regional accent. I enjoy listening to the different Englishes, and to those bantering jokes exchanged between various peoples.
著者
堀 千珠
出版者
日本ニュージーランド学会
雑誌
日本ニュージーランド学会誌
巻号頁・発行日
vol.9, pp.32-33, 2002-06-22

I would like to introduce a couple of movies directed by New Zealanders that have been shown recently in Japan. One is The Lord of the Rings, directed by Peter Jackson. This huge-scale(trilogy) movie was made possible by the strong support of NZ, with its beautiful scenery, digital effects workshop, and even an army. I feel glad about NZ movie industry booming as a result of this movie's success, but personally hope NZ wouldn't become too much like Hollywood, where everything seems so artificial. The other is The Price of Milk, directed by Harry Sinclair. This cute movie about love depicts ordinary life of NZ with a sprinkle of magic. It seems the movie is popular among independent movie-goers, especially women in their 20s and 30s.