著者

山田 大隆 高田 誠二

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.167, pp.166-178, 1988 (Released:2021-09-06)

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Sapporo Agricultural College (1876-1907), established by the Kaitakushi Branch of the Meiji Government and directed, in s early stage, by W. S Clark, the President of Massachusetts Agricultural College, had built a unique collection of foreign books of physics, significant not only in quantity but also in quality, through the Yedo and Meiji eras of Japan. A thorough investigation of the conserved books (113 copies) and a time-sequential analysis of introduction of them to the College library resulted in the following observations, where the year of publication and that of introduction were assumed to coincide and the whole sequence (1850-1907) were divided into each interval of five years; 1) As for the regional distribution of the original publication, three peaks are remarkable, the first at 1875 features American natural philosophy text books, the second at 1885 English natural philosophy ones and the third at 1895 German lecture series of physics, respectively. 2) More individually, the first peak is represented by Quackenbos * Natural Philosophy (1873), the second by Stewart's Lessons in Elementary Physics and the third by Violle's Lehrbuch der Physik (1892, tr.by Gumlich) as well as other German lecture series. Besides them, noticeable is the repeated introduction of Ganot's Elementary Treatise on Physics (tr. by Atkinson) over the whole period, particularly in 1890's.

著者

高田 誠二

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.167, pp.179-182, 1988 (Released:2021-09-06)

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.167, pp.183, 1988 (Released:2021-09-06)

著者

安孫子 誠也

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.168, pp.193-206, 1988 (Released:2021-09-01)

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While the formation of special relativity is usually described as an event in the particle-dynamical tradition, the present study asserts that it really derived from the chemico-thermal origin, in which A.Einstein participated at the start of his scientific career. Firstly, the student-life of A. Einstein is briefly sketched, discussing how he was studying writings of Helmholtz, Kirchhoff, Hertz and Boltzmann, independently of his university's course, and was considering about the light-velocity within the transparent moving materials. Nextly, commentary is made of Einstein's each paper up to 1905, in which is made clear how he was studying dissociation, diffusion and fluctuation, both thermodynamically and statistical-thermodynamically, paying much attention to the connection between macroscopic- and microscopic-aspects of matter. Thirdly, the motivation of his writing of "On the electrodynamics of moving bodies" is presented. It is pointed out that, in his Ph. D dissertation written early in 1905, he estimated viscosity-coefficient of liquid solution, by way of solving the hydrodynamical equation in the coordinate system of the soluteparticle at rest. Then, led by the analogical considerations, in order to estimate radiational friction coefficient of a body moving within the black-body radiation, he needed at that time the electromagnetic equation in the coordinate system of the gas-particle or the suspended small mirror at rest. It is also pointed out that the principle of relativity might have been suggested by the analogy with the Galileian invarince of the hydrodynamical equation, as well as by the energetic considerations on the relative motion of a conductor and a magnet. And, the constancy of light velocity might be the result of that principle applied to the Maxwelfs equation, and might be the extention to include the case of light quantum which does not obey the Maxwell's equation Lastly, a comment is made about the most important contributions of chemico-thermal origin to Einstein's formation of the special relativity They are :the reinterpretation of length and time as observable physical quantities, and the reconception of time, from absolutely defined mechanical time independent of the coordinate systems, to thermodynamical time. The latter is based on the signal-velocity of light in vacuum, i.e.the speed of dissipation into vacuum of the free energy preserved in the lightsource, and on the motion of needles in the windup-spring watches, which is also a process of dissipation of the free energy stored in the wound springs.

著者

山田 恭輝 河宮 信郎

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.168, pp.207-214, 1988 (Released:2021-09-01)

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This paper deals w h the later stages of the continuous casting (CC) technology in the steel industry of Japan, while our previous paper described the history of CC from s introduction to the early stages of commercial implementations. From late 196〇,s, the CC technology had been reinforced by several auxiliary and peripheral techniques. Firstly, nonmetallic inclusions and surface defects were reduced by introduction of large sized tundishes, immersion nozzles, vacuum degassing with argon bubbling, and powder casting. Such reinforcing techniques (RITs) en masse enabled CC (killed) steel slabs to replace rimmed steel ingots for thin sheets, the main product of the integrated steel mills. Another notable RIT, electromagnetic stirring, became available in late 19?〇,s, which remarkably improved metallurgical structure and minimized segregation of elements in CC blooms. This method in concert with the above-mentioned RITs was successfully applied tQ casting of special steel blooms for mechanical use products. Thus the CC technology grew to meet most kinds of steels and, by 1985, to replace ingot casting process almost entirely. Through the history of Co, it is noted that those various RITs were developed in the course of mass production of low grade products. Such situation can be compared to the history of the semiconductor industry where basic advancement of transistor and IC technologies took place in production of popular goods such as portable radios, quartz-oscillator watches and/or pocket calculators.

著者

北林 雅洋

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.168, pp.215-217, 1988 (Released:2021-09-01)

著者

下平 和夫

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.166, pp.65-74, 1988 (Released:2021-09-06)

著者

合田 昌史

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.166, pp.75-83, 1988 (Released:2021-09-06)

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The Reconnaissance Portugal, it is said recently, had a great impact upon the normal science in the Renaissance Europe. It is true that the Portuguese navigators, especially Duarte Pacheco Pereira (c.1460-1534) and Joao de Castro (1500-1548), had taken the ancient authorities down easily for some matters of Cosmography through their own maritime experiences. But they could not break away from the Aristotelian Paradigm, however faultfinding they might be.

著者

林 隆夫

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.166, pp.84-92, 1988 (Released:2021-09-06)

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The decimal place-value notation with a zero symbol (called bindu or a point) is found to be used in the Yavanajataka (A.D.269/270) of Sphujidhvaja, while the recognition of the zero as a number to be an object of mathematical operations can be attested in Var hamihira's Pancasiddhantika (ca.A.D.505). In this paper I have proposed the hypothesis that a place-value notation with a zero symbol and computation on board by using that notation, both of which existed in India in the early centuries of the Christian era, were the necessary conditions for the recognition of zero as a number.

著者

後藤 美智子

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.166, pp.93-103, 1988 (Released:2021-09-06)

著者

藤村 淳

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.166, pp.104-109, 1988 (Released:2021-09-06)

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As is well known, the famous research of Ore C. Romer, who has confirmed the finiteness of light velocity and has estimated the value of it, is a very remarkable and important work in the history of physics. However, as is seen in several articles, it seems that there have been distributed rather widely some incomplete or erroneous understandings concerning his work. In this short note, studies are made on the investigating process of Romer on the problems of velocity of light, including some remarks of the interpretation of it in modern mathematical words.

著者

小林 龍彦 田中 薫

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.166, pp.110-115, 1988 (Released:2021-09-06)

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There used to be a field called Senkyo problem or Common Part Problem in Wasan which the old Japanese mathematicians or Wasan experts earnestly studied during the Edo period. We have already explained in some journals that Takakazu Seki (1642?-1708) was able to solve the problems without using integral calculus. This time, we have found a new description about the missing note of T Seki in the introductory remarks and in the main body of KTangen Sanpo", which was wr ten by Shukei Irie in 1739 According to Irie's description, he called it uKongenki Enjutsu 16 Problems" And in the main body of the text Irie had cited, in order to solve a Senkyo Problem, that T.Seki had used an approximate formula to find the area of a segment of a circle. We were able to restore this approximate formula as follows: If we let d be the chord, c the altitude of a segment of a circle, and S the area, we have, (2d+c)cπ/10=S Through research of Irie's statement, regardless of it being true or not, we obtained some new facts about T. Seki as follows: Firstly, it is obvious that Seki studied "Sanpo Kongenki" written by Seiko Sato in 1669, from which he learned an approximate formula like the one mentioned above. We believe that this matter may create a new point of view on the study of T. Seki. Secondly, T. Seki must have made a note called "Kongenki Enjutsu 16 Problems" immediately after "Kokon Sanpoki" by Kazuyuki Sawaguchi was published. This is because K. Sawaguchi did not solve 16 out of 150 problems in "Sanpo Kongenki", which Sato poured out as new questions for Wasan experts of that time. Thus, we are able to place the missing note in an early time of his work. Thirdly, it is certain that Seki's successors have passed on this missing note for mathematical education and it existed until around the end of the first half of the 18th century.

著者

黒田 孝郎

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.166, pp.116-118, 1988 (Released:2021-09-06)

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.166, pp.119, 1988 (Released:2021-09-06)

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.164, pp.227, 1987 (Released:2021-09-21)

著者

三浦 豊彦

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.165, pp.1-8, 1988 (Released:2021-09-21)

著者

後藤 美智子

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.165, pp.9-23, 1988 (Released:2021-09-21)

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In this paper, clarified are the motivation leading the development and the contrivance featuring the processes of Millikan's verification of the elementary electrical charge, with the expectation as a case study for the new implication of the experimental researches in early 20th century physics. The controversy on the atomic theory, occurred in St.Louis Congress (1904), and Millikan's own photo-electric effect research drove him to the momentous question as to the reality of "the electron as the natural unit of electricity". Throughout his observational process ―"seeing the electron―, the confidence in and the limiting factors of his experimental apparatus are particularly noteworthy, as well as the active figures in his experimental methods in this period (1906-1911), especially in the process of converting the capture of ions by water droplets, found in the balanced method, into the core of his next oil-drop method. As to the process under consideration, his essential result was the direct verification of the atomic interpretation of both electricity and matter, confirmed independently of the uncertain theory of Stokes' law of fall of a small spherical body through a gas.

著者

梶 雅範

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.165, pp.24-36, 1988 (Released:2021-09-21)

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The author has examined the historical context of the first edition of Mendeleev's famous chemistrytextbook The Principles of Chemistry (Osnovy khimii) written during 1868-1871. Mendeleev's career began in 1854, when he published his first scientific paper, and reached its first landmark in 1869, when he announced his discovery of the Periodic Law of the Elements. Those years were the period of great change and reforms in Russia, beginning in the middle of the 1850's after the defeat in the Cremean War, and running its course by the end of the 1860's, climaxed by the emancipation of the serfs in 1861. It was also the time of change in chemistry the dispute over the merits of different atomic weight systems had been finally settled, the classical organic structural theory had emerged, and several systems of classifying all elements based on Cannizzaro?s new atomic weight system had been presented by several chemists. The author has paid special attention to the objectives which the Russian chemists, including Mendeleev, were expected to achieve during 1860's. There were two: the practical and the theoretical. The practical objective was the education of qualified professionals for the new capitalistic production Russia then was in want of. The educational system, especially at higher level, was reorganized during this period, and enough number of Russian chemists acquired posts in the academic institutions, so that they could form the Russian Chemical Society in 1868 Their theoretical objective was to deal with the current theoretical problems as well as the experimental ones in chemistry to meet the needs of the period when the classical foundation of chemistry was about to be laid. The author has shown that Mendeleev's famous textbook was the culmination of his work in regard to those two objectives. The Principles of Chemistry, offering an advanced way of systematization of inorganic chemistry, was the new textbook for universities urgently required by Russian society, and in the process of s writing the final step to the discovery of the' Periodic Law was taken.

著者

高田 誠二 山田 大隆

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.165, pp.37-44, 1988 (Released:2021-09-21)

著者

門脇 重道

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.165, pp.45-48, 1988 (Released:2021-09-21)