著者

塩沢 由典

出版者

産業学会

雑誌

産業学会研究年報 (ISSN:09187162)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1999, no.14, pp.1-16,101, 1999-03-30 (Released:2009-10-08)

参考文献数

17

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Industry has a tendency to concentrate in a rather localized area. This phenomenon is now attracting the interest of many people and can be explained from two sides. From the negative side, the local concentrations of industries are now in a difficult situation, because of the competition mainly from Asian countries, and these industries are now targets of a revitalization policy. From the positive side, the concentrations offer a chance to create new high tech industries, upon which Japan is obliged to rely on in the future. This paper first analyses how a localized concentration begins and proceeds using a simple model of increasing returns. The model reveals that there is a threshold beyond which a concentration has an advantage over a non-concentrated area. The concentration proceeds until a certain amount of capacity has accumlated in the region. The saturation point differs much according to whether the concentration is derived by an internal economy or an external economy. In an internal economy, it is quite probable that a single big firm monopolies the industry. In an external economy, many small firms accumulate until extra profit rate is nullified. In a numerical example given in the paper, the internal economy case ceases to accumulate at about half the volume of the external economy case. In later sections, the concept “external economy” is examined. There is no such a case that can be called “external economy” in the sense that it only benefits small firms and not big firms. The external economy should be understood as a situation where economies of scale, as a function of total volume of productions, prevail and firms are prevented to grow beyond a certain size due to the existence of other reasons that increase the internal cost of the firm. In the last part of the paper, an advantage of the diversity is discussed and some policy implications are indicated.

著者

藤井 光男

出版者

産業学会

雑誌

産業学会研究年報 (ISSN:09187162)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2006, no.21, pp.21-34,172, 2006-03-31 (Released:2009-10-08)

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Now modern China, “the production centre of the world” shows high rate economic growth. Chinese GDP is very high level every year. However as negative aspects of Chinese high economic growth, there are rapidly increasing social disparities including large gap in income between the coastal urban area and the inland rural area. Therefore the rural migrant workers “mingong” which is replaced from workers of state owned enterprises “gongren” suffer from hard life and heavy labor. This paper focuses on hard conditions of these rural migrant workers and tries to investigate the causes of these problems.

著者

バートニック ローマン 佐伯 靖雄

出版者

産業学会

雑誌

産業学会研究年報 (ISSN:09187162)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2016, no.31, pp.41-53, 2016 (Released:2017-04-03)

参考文献数

18

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How do firms adapt to technological change? The ability of firms to sense and implement new technologies and configure new processes that match new requirements is central to competitive advantage (Teece, 2014). But how do firms perform these steps? We look at the development of electric motor technologies in Japanese and German firms to explore these issues. We find substantial variety in how firms approach this change: Some firms have outsourced their electric motor production to Tier1 specialists. Other firms have kept the knowledge completely in-house. Yet other firms cooperate or outsource selectively to avoid these extremes. We offer some propositions on how the individual firm p osition and general features of the German and Japanese supplier settings influence firm strategi es.

著者

鈴木 茂

出版者

産業学会

雑誌

産業学会研究年報 (ISSN:09187162)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1989, no.4, pp.90-110,116, 1989-03-31 (Released:2009-10-08)

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In 1980s, environmental pollution of the high-tech-industries, “high-tech-pollution”, was confirmed. One of high-tech-pollution is the environmental pollution by the semiconductor industry. Especially, people watch the underground water pollution with interest. It is polluted by the organic solvents which is usually used for washing in the semiconductor factories.Firstly, the underground water pollution by the organic solvents was confirmed in “Silicon valley”. So, in 1982, the environment agency of Japan investigated into the underground water and confirmed its pollution by the organic solvents.But, its investigation did not determine the causal relationship between the underground water pollution and the semiconductor industry.Therefore, I questionnaired to the local governments which the semicondutor industry located in it's region and asked a question whether the underground water was polluted and how they took antipollution measures. By the questionnaire, I confirmed that the underground water was polluted in the semiconductor industry located area and the local governments did not make effective antipollution measures.

著者

戸田 順一郎

出版者

産業学会

雑誌

産業学会研究年報 (ISSN:09187162)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2015, no.30, pp.95-111, 2015 (Released:2016-04-01)

参考文献数

29

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In recent years, particularly since the first decade of the 21st century, the movement toward restructuring of production systems in the Japanese pharmaceutical industry has become more energetic. Focusing on production sections in the pharmaceutical industry, this paper examines the actual facts of the transformations that have occurred in recent years. It also shows that these transformations in production systems resulted from the following five factors arising in parallel or interacting with each other: The first is restructuring and consolidation to eliminate overlapping functions and excess facilities in connection with mergers and acquisitions, which have seen increased activity recently. The second is the expansion and intensification of overseas production facilities as a result of the progress of globalization. The third consists of the expansion of outsourcing of production by major pharmaceutical firms and the consolidation of their production facilities, as well as the rise of contract manufacturing organizations (CMOs) and enhancements to their production capacities, all resulting from the deregulation of contract manufacturing due to the 2005 amendments to the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law. The fourth is the enhancement of production capacity among generic drug companies in response to the growth of the generic drug market, through construction of their own new plants and expansion of existing ones or acquisition of production facilities from other companies. The fifth is the establishment of production facilities for biopharmaceuticals by existing pharmaceutical companies and new non-pharmaceutical entrants, accompanying the growth of the biopharmaceutical market.

著者

陳 晋 韓 金江

出版者

産業学会

雑誌

産業学会研究年報 (ISSN:09187162)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2014, no.29, pp.91-102, 2014 (Released:2015-04-01)

参考文献数

24

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This paper discusses the causes of rapid growth of Sany Heavy Industry Ltd (SHI), China's largest construction machinery manufacturer, through their various efforts addressing the external market environment, based on a field survey of the head office and related factories of the company.SHI, as a private company, entered the construction machinery market as a concrete machinery manufacturer in 1993. In only 18 years, it had become the largest company in China's construction machinery industry by 2012, keeping the 5th position in the world for construction machinery manufacturers in terms of sales. The company's rapid growth has attracted much attention both domestically and internationally.As regards to the external factors of the rapid growth of SHI, there are four main considerations as follows, (1) rapid expansion of the construction equipment market in China (2) intensifying domestic market competition (3) convenient procurement of parts and supplies (4) indigenous characteristics of users in China.On the other hand, looking at internal factors, the following four characteristics were recognized, (1) R&D strategies to enhance product competitiveness (2) aggressive strategy for human resource development (3) quality control efforts (4) unique efforts in sales and after-sales services.As described above, SHI has successfully achieved rapid growth taking a chance with its business expansion through its active strategy. Facing a more stable growth of the Chinese economy, how to keep increasing its corporate competitiveness is the most important strategic challenge for SHI in the future.

著者

赤松 裕二

出版者

産業学会

雑誌

産業学会研究年報 (ISSN:09187162)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2018, no.33, pp.167-185, 2018 (Released:2019-04-01)

参考文献数

38

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Japan’s musical instrument industry grew during the nation’s postwar period of rapid economic growth, centered on piano manufacturing. As domestic demand grew, the industry’s exports also captured high market shares and strong reputations internationally. However, due to slowing domestic sales as a result of Japan’s low birth rate and diversification of consumers’ interests, as well as price competition with emerging markets for exports, Japan’s musical instrument industry faces difficult circumstances.As the Japanese musical instrument industry reaches a turning point amid tough market conditions, wind instrument makers manufacturing flutes and saxophones are making particularly strenuous efforts. They have earned very strong reputations overseas, including in Europe and North America, in the field of Western musical instruments. Japan long has been home to a number of flute manufacturers, such as Muramatsu, that are world leaders in technology and product development, and Japanese saxophone makers, such as Yamaha and Yanagisawa, are also highly regarded internationally for the quality of their products, from entry-level models to high-end professional saxophones.Focusing on the product development strategies of flute and saxophone makers in Japan, this paper considers product strategies and market sales over the past 30 years. Flute makers have shifted from mass-production models to diverse product lines, increasing added value through the use of new metal materials and improvements in their instruments and reflecting these in their prices. Saxophone makers also have continued steady product development, differentiating their products through new added value amid international price competition.This study confirms a common trend among Japanese wind instrument manufacturers producing flutes and saxophones toward a strategy of shifting to higher-end models and expanding model lineups, through continual development of new products. It also shows that the new materials and new features introduced by these manufacturers are highly regarded in the market, and that the distinctive new models are a factor behind rising prices.

著者

飯島 正義

出版者

産業学会

雑誌

産業学会研究年報 (ISSN:09187162)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2003, no.18, pp.97-107,131, 2003-03-31 (Released:2009-10-08)

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Camera manufacturers have advanced the technology-related diversification with increasing the sales of cameras. Today, camera manufacturers have shifted their business strategy. The technology-related diversification has been promoted in earnest since the 70's. But it has not proceeded smoothly. Camera manufacturers cited four main reasons for the technology-related diversification: the unique characteristics of the products and manufacturers, the market size and market maturity since the 70's, the development of technologies, i. e. the automation of camera operation, at the highest stages, and the decrease of profitability.Each manufacturer made the utmost use of its technology, and advanced to the highly profitable fields. The management gap has been formed by the product development competition and the degree of the technology-related diversification. Camera manufacturers show a strong competitive power in the diversified fields. The optical technologies of camera industries have become a barrier against the other industries entering the field, and a strength in the diversified fields.

著者

近藤 淳

出版者

産業学会

雑誌

産業学会研究年報 (ISSN:09187162)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2017, no.32, pp.169-182, 2017 (Released:2018-04-01)

参考文献数

11

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The fastening method with screw is widely utilized for various types of assembling processes in engineering, architecture and other fields. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the source of competitiveness and competitive advantage in the basic technology industry, analyzing screw industries in Japan.There already exist a number of research achievements on industrial history and industrial dynamics in each industry. There are also numerous studies that have focused on competitive advantage and competitive structure of certain nations and regions.However, if we take a look at the industries which have been chosen as subjects of academic studies, they are polarized into either assembly industries such as automobiles, motorcycles, electric products and shipbuilding or material industries such as steel and chemicals. There have been relatively few articles which focus on industrial dynamics of intermediate goods. Therefore, I will focus on the industrial dynamics in the intermediate goods in Japan. This paper will review the intermediate industry based on the survey data of screwindustries, and then discuss whether the Japanese screw industry is progressing or declining. The examples of development and decline of some of the actual companies in Japan will also be examined in this paper. Through these case studies, I will verify the hypothesis that Japanese screw industries rely on automotive industry. In the conclusion part of this paper, I will clarify the factors that have determined the industry’s development and decline.

著者

赤松 裕二

出版者

産業学会

雑誌

産業学会研究年報 (ISSN:09187162)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2016, no.31, pp.89-101, 2016 (Released:2017-04-03)

参考文献数

28

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Strategic management and decision-making for the brand portfolio are essential means of maintaining competitive advantage. Brand portfolio strategy is attracting attention as a method of managing multiple brands. This paper looks at the cosmetics industries of Japan and Korea, comparing the brand strategies of Shiseido and Amorepacific, leading companies in these countries, to examine the importance of brand positioning in strategy for competitive advantage. It also considers positioning in brand portfolio strategy, through consistency between companywide strategies and individual strategies from a competitive strategy perspective. Previous studies have discussed the strategic importance of diversification of risk, synergy effects, and efficient operation through the composition of the brand portfolio. This study considers the differences between the brand portfolio and its constituents the corporate brand and individual brands, from a competitive strategy perspective. It also reviews the brand positioning of Shiseido and Amorepacific by comparing their brand deployment graphed in three dimensions along the axes of function, price range, and distinctiveness, based on product characteristics. The results showed that while Shiseido focuses on function and price range, Amorepacific focuses on distinctiveness and function, leading to some new discoveries regarding the strategies of both companies. While it had not been possible to describe consistency between positioning of the corporate brand strategy and individual brand strategy solely from a traditional competitive strategy perspective, the author was able to identify such consistency through depiction along three axes.

著者

折橋 伸哉

出版者

産業学会

雑誌

産業学会研究年報 (ISSN:09187162)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2018, no.33, pp.39-53, 2018 (Released:2019-04-01)

参考文献数

8

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The Tohoku region (Northeast region of Japan including six prefectures such as Iwate, Miyagi, and so on) has suffered from deindustrialization which has caused its population to decrease. In order to overcome this situation, high expectations for the automotive industry have been raised in the Tohoku region, since the last decade. For the last several years, automotive production in the region has exceeded five hundred thousand vehicles per year, thanks to their favorable sales. However, an overview of the current status of its production model’s supply chain, a certain amount of added value has been generated outside of the region, including Mikawa area where Toyota has its headquarters and its major suppliers are located. Thus, the economic ripple effect from the automotive industry has fallen short of local expectations.Regarding the conventional automotive industry, in order to raise the economic ripple effect from the automotive industry, there are many things to do for both parts procurement and human resource development. Researchers have pointed out these things many times, however the Tohoku region have not overcome it yet.The Automotive industry is now facing its paradigm change. In order to increase its presence in the next generation automotive business, this paper points out one of the possible measures for the Tohoku region. That is, making close tie-ups between universities and their researchers in the region and increased linkages local suppliers.

著者

竹内 淳一郎

出版者

産業学会

雑誌

産業学会研究年報 (ISSN:09187162)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2003, no.18, pp.65-76,128, 2003-03-31 (Released:2009-10-08)

参考文献数

28

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Japanese sewing machine industry was promoted as an export industry after the World War II and expanded rapidly thereafter. At the beginning, Japanese sewing machines were regarded as “imitation of SINGER” and “cheap and nasty”.Later, however, Japanese sewing machines surpassed SINGER, which they modeled after, not only in export volume and value, but in terms of quality as well.In 1974, the sewing machine industry was released from Export Inspection Law, reaching its goal of improvement and stability of quality, far earlier than the camera (1989) and watch (1991) industries.This paper clarifies the reason and background of the above. In 1949 Japanese sewing machine industry, in cooperation with Japanese government, standardized household sewing machines and their parts, and the de facto standard of sewing machine parts was formed in the 1950s. In the case of the parts of cameras and watches there is no standard specification like the one of sewing machine parts. Standardization of parts contributed to the stability of quality and cost down of sewing machines.This paper demonstrates quality improvement of Japanese sewing machines, based on Japanese export inspection results and the product ratings by the Consumers Union of the United States.Figures show that Japanese sewing machines surpassed SINGER, in terms of production quantity in 1957, and of quality in 1969. From this point of view, it can be said that standardization of sewing machine parts was one of the reasons why this industry gained international competitiveness earlier than cameras and watches. Just for reference, Japanese camera industry surpassed German ones, in terms of production quantity in 1962, and of quality in 1976.This achievement was due primarily to the persistent efforts of Japanese sewing machine makers to improve their products, and to export promotion policy (including Export Inspection Law) of Japanese government (including JSMIA: Japan Sewing Machinery Inspection Association).

著者

濱田 初美

出版者

産業学会

雑誌

産業学会研究年報 (ISSN:09187162)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2011, no.26, pp.55-63, 2011 (Released:2012-04-20)

参考文献数

10

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The semiconductor is the core component used in electronic products and is referred to as “rice” for manufacturing industries in Japan. The Japanese semiconductor industry has developed by supplying a variety of semiconductor products. However, regarding the highly profitable semiconductors that are used as the core components of advanced electronic devices, overseas competitors have dominated the market. Regrettably, Japanese companies have been complacent with the unprofitable peripheral circuit support business.To overcome this difficult situation, it is necessary for Japanese companies to develop their business globally by adopting aggressive strategies. To do so, it is imperative for them to end their dependency on brand manufacturers and establish the ability to operate the semiconductor business. If Japanese companies can acquire domestic and overseas manufacturers that produce applications with growth potential, a path to the future will definitely open up for them.In order to realize this, cross-company strategies must be implemented. All companies in the industry must pull together with an unwavering resolution to win over overseas manufacturers.Without revitalization of the semiconductor industry, it will be impossible for Japan's manufacturing industries to prosper.

著者

氏田 壮一郎

出版者

産業学会

雑誌

産業学会研究年報 (ISSN:09187162)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2016, no.31, pp.103-115, 2016 (Released:2017-04-03)

参考文献数

14

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The needs of the customer are often not clear at the time of product development. Indeed, customers themselves also do not recognize their exact needs, and discover them after purchasing the product. However, despite such imprecise circumstances, because of the need to have a presence in the market, companies are forced to proceed with product development and to make decisions at each stage of the development process. These decisions are made on the basis of a temporary definition of the customer’s expected needs. This paper examines the development of a rice-cooker. The development process involves making a series of decisions to define the subtle taste of cooked rice that is influenced by customer preferences. Specifically, we attempt to clarify the process of how the taste of rice cooked by the product is defined as delicious, how this is commercialized as a function of the product, and also the sustainability of the development process.Our qualitative research showed that deliciousness cannot be evaluated quantitatively, and that it is necessary to evaluate taste by human senses. In these cases, evaluation by humans is an integral part of product development. Testing and evaluating the prototype product relies on creating a dialogue between the designers and testers. Because of the ambiguous nature of the sensory needs that the design process seeks to fulfil, a trial-and-error approach is necessary, which is prone to result in redundancies. From this aspect, successful communication between developers and testers becomes significant, and for mutual understanding, a common language and shared sense are required.As more experience in product development is accumulated, trends of impressions in the market can be more easily recognized. The unspoken needs of the customer can be met through the recursive interplay between development experience and market reaction. Since experience in the market varies with each company, customer impressions of product benefit also tend to vary with each company.

著者

佐伯 靖雄

出版者

産業学会

雑誌

産業学会研究年報 (ISSN:09187162)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2021, no.36, pp.59-76, 2021 (Released:2022-04-01)

参考文献数

15

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The purpose of this study is to analyze various aspects of the business strategy of Tesla, a U.S. company specializing in complete electric vehicles, and to clarify its competitive advantage. In this study, we will clarify how the company has risen to the top of the world, albeit in a specific segment, in such a short period of time, and how this competitive advantage has been achieved. The following three points are conclusions. First, Tesla is very good at defining its business domain and then redefining it in a short period of time from there. Secondly, it is a super speedy management. And thirdly, although there is no denying that there is a strong element of genus, Tesla has been able to take full advantage of the corporate value of SpaceX, which is owned by Mr. Musk, the founder of the company. The maverick statements of Mr. Musk and his unique way of conducting business make Tesla a company that stands out in some ways. However, we would like to emphasize that the corporate behavior in pursuit of its business strategy is based on economic rationality, as evidenced by its excellent entry process and its sincere approach to engineering.

著者

明石 芳彦

出版者

産業学会

雑誌

産業学会研究年報 (ISSN:09187162)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1988, no.3, pp.10-23,77, 1988-03-31 (Released:2009-10-08)

参考文献数

23

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1. The characteristics of the Japan's patenting activity(1) The characteristics of the Japan's patenting activity is the tremendous amount of the number of the applied patent. But seeing the absolute number and the rate of increase of the number of the patent granted, the number of the Japan's patent is yet approaching to the level of the American's, now being less than the American's. (2) The Japan's patent-applying behavior is so much concentrated to the particular sectors and firms. For example, the share of the top 10 sectors is 47% (at 1985), and the share of the top 10 firms is 33% (at 1982). (3) The rate of publicity to the whole number of the applying patent in Japan is 35%. Comparing the application-granted ratio of the patent internationally, the ratio of Japan is relatively low. (4) The foreign patent granted behavior of Japan has been “poor” yet. The advanced countries except Japan are granted much more at foreign countries than the number of the patent granted at their domestic countries. (5) The foreigners' share of the patenting activity in Japan is inclined to decrease, and its share of the U. S. is inclined to increase. (6) The number of the patent granted of Japan to another advanced countries has become greater than the number of another foreign countries to Japan at early 1970s.2. The characteristics of the trend of the Japan's technological balance of trade(1) In spite of the active patenting behavior, the characteristics of the trend of the Japan's technological balance of trade is yet deficit in total. The Japan's receipt of the technological balance of trade is less than another advanced countries, but the Japan's payment of it is more than them. (2) However, seeing the sum of the new contracts only (ie. net of continuing bill from the total), the ratio of technological receipt over payment is more than 2 at 1984 (only this figure is one of Japan's F. Y.).

著者

田村 大樹

出版者

産業学会

雑誌

産業学会研究年報 (ISSN:09187162)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1997, no.12, pp.37-50,117, 1997-03-30 (Released:2009-10-08)

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How does tertiary industry relate to the phenomenon, called ‘hollowing out’ of industry? This article aims to clarify this relation, in which, at first sight, we can't see any direct link. If hollowing out is specific to the manufacturing industry, then tertiary industry cannot play any role there. But, some economic activities such as finance, distribution or software production, which are ordinarily included in the tertiary industry, are also being hollowed out from Japan.In the beginning, we try to subdivide tertiary industries into rational categories, giving us three new groups of activities, i. e. ‘service’ in a narrow sense, ‘information intermediation’ and ‘space overcoming’. These subcategories give us clear-cut insight about the service economy. Tertiarization of the economy, which is usually described as a statistical reality, is not a service related phenomenon but an information related one. In this process, Information intermediation activities have had more important roles than service activities.In Japan, the problem of hollowing out has arisen over the last few years. On the other hand, the issue of an information society has been argued about for three decades. We must therefore introduce a new point of view to realize that the hollowing out has its origin in the advancement of information technology. We think many recent social changes have stemmed from the coming of a new phase of the information society. It is characterized by densely woven computer networks. In our perspective, these networks mean that the order of spatial information flow has changed. In another words, the logic of space overcoming activity governing information flow has been replaced by the new one of light speed.In general, contents of spatial flow consist of material, human and information. Liquidity of information flow is highest and that of human flow is lowest. The recent expansion of networks make information flows smoother. We can say that, in information terms, national boundaries are disappearing. We conclude that the hollowing out of economic activities are caused by expanding information networks, which enhance information intermediation through improvement of space overcoming ability of information.

出版者

産業学会

雑誌

産業学会研究年報 (ISSN:09187162)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2015, no.30, pp.175-189, 2015 (Released:2016-04-01)

著者

田中 彰

出版者

産業学会

雑誌

産業学会研究年報 (ISSN:09187162)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1995, no.10, pp.65-74,95, 1995-03-31 (Released:2009-10-08)

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This Paper considers the politics that steelmakers took with regard to sogo shosha (large general trading companies) and specialist trading companies during the period of Japan's rapid economic growth, when the amount of imported iron ore was expanding rapidly.The steel companies typically maintained exclusive relations with a specific trader vis a vis each of a large number of small mines, mainly in Southeast Asia, during the 1950s. In the 1960s, however, newly developed large-scale ore mining projects became the primary source of supply. In order to develop such huge projects, the steelmakers needed the information, financing, transport, and the organizer-role of the sogo shosha. Many specialist steel traders attempted to develop capabilities comparable to the sogo shosha in order to maintain their leading roles. However, while a number of the former textile traders were successful in becoming sogo shosha, most of the specialist steel traders generally failed, despite assistance from the steelmakers, and were instead absorbed by their larger sogo shosha competitors. The steelmakers switched increasingly to the sogo shosha as their main traders, resulting in the top 6 such organizations handling 58.5% of the business in 1965, rising to 71.8% by 1971.Those specialist steel traders that did not attempt to become sogo shosha became affiliated agents for their large steelmaker customer/patrons. Through the 1960s, the steelmakers recognized and strengthend them into virtual in-house traders. These in-house traders operated essentially as if they were parts of the respective steelmakers. In the late 1960s, steelmakers were able to avoid a complete sogo shosha oligopoly grip on ore by increasing their own imports through the in-house traders. Thus, the competition in ore-importing between the sogo shosha and the in-house traders can be seen primary as a struggle between the sogo shosha and the steelmakers themselves.

著者

田 シン

出版者

産業学会

雑誌

産業学会研究年報 (ISSN:09187162)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2010, no.25, pp.69-81, 2010-03-31 (Released:2011-03-31)

参考文献数

17

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This paper investigates the assembly process outsourcing of Toyota group. I examine the characteristics of division of labor between Toyota motors and Complete vehicle OEM makers such as Kanto Auto works or Daihatsu motors. This study reveals the following results:(a) in Japan, Complete vehicle OEM makers are playing a role of production and development of Complete vehicle and production of parts; in contrast, in overseas, Complete vehicle OEM makers are playing an important role of technology support of Toyota's oversea plant.(b) The characteristics of division of labor between the Complete vehicle OEM makers and Toyota can be summarized as this, for the production of main mass production models, the “Toyota + Complete vehicle OEM makers” is the main type; on the other hand, for production of non mass production models, “Toyota or Complete vehicle OEM makers” is the main type.Many studies about division of labor of production or product development of parts in automotive industry has shown that Japanese automakers and their suppliers cooperate closely even in product development processes. However most of these studies merely analyzed the division of labor of production or product development of Complete vehicle. So this paper is a new attempt to analysis that.