著者

浜田 篤郎 渡辺 直煕 山崎 洋次 吉葉 繁雄 小林 昭夫

出版者

日本衛生動物学会

雑誌

衛生動物 (ISSN:04247086)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.3, pp.279-280, 1990

被引用文献数

3 3

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A 57-year-old woman experienced pain from foreign bodies in her oral cavity after eating raw squid. Examination of her oral cavity revealed 20-30 small foreign bodies embedded in the mucous membrane. After all the foreign bodies were pulled out, the pain was allayed and the wounds eventually healed. The foreign bodies, 5mm in length, were white and of elongated conical shape. Under microscopy, a large number of sperms was observed in the bodies. These foreign bodies were determined to be sperm-bags of the squid. It is supposed that this woman ate squid with spermatophores, thereafter sperm-bags were discharged from the spermatophores into her oral cavity. Although only a few similar cases heretofore have been found, it might increase among the Japanese who frequently eat raw squid.

著者

吉葉 繁雄

出版者

The Japanese Society for Hygiene

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.2, pp.565-572, 1984-06-30 (Released:2009-02-17)

参考文献数

9

被引用文献数

10 20

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Conus-sting, 55 cases, including 21 fatalities caused by about 20 species of Conus as of Aug. 1982. Among the 21 fatalities, 18 cases were caused by C. geographus. The fatality rate associated with this species has reached 55.3% in Japan and 66.7% in the world. C. geographus is therefore considered to be the most dangerous snail belonging to the genus Conus. This fact is also proven experimentally by comparison of the lethal dose within 1 hour (LD1h) of the venom of this species (CGV) in various animals. Results show the values of LD1h of crude CGV are 1.3mg/kg in mice, 4mg/kg in chickens and 0.09mg/kg in goldfishes. These values represent the lowest value of venoms in various species of Conus examined by the author.However, it is impossible to estimate the lethal dose (even not LD1h) in humans directly by means of experiment. Therefore the lethal dose for humans was estimated by means of 1) examination of the records of Conus-stings in the world and 2) measurement of the quantity of CGV thought to be injected into a victim by the snail.1) From an analysis of the record of Conus-stings collected by Shirai (June 1982) and 3 cases investigated by the author (Sep. 1982) it can be concluded that C. geographus injects in one attack crude CGV in ammount corresponding to LD70 in humans. Consequently, it was fatal in the cases of small men or children stung by large snails and death came within 40 minutes to 5 hours after the sting but larger men stung by smaller snails were saved.2) It has already been proven by the author that C. geographus injects its venom only in the amount charged within a single radular tooth into the victim according to its predatory behavior. As a result of the measurement of the volume of capacity of a single radular tooth from C. geographus in several sizes, the amount of raw crude CGV which would be injected into a human was converted into 0.06 to 0.2mg in dry weight.Thus the lethal dose of CGV in humans was estimated to be 1 to 3μg/kg. However in 2 cases of geographus cone-stings which occured in Okinawa on Jul. 22 and Aug. 17 in 1982, both doses of CGV are presumed to be only 0.2 and 0.5μg/kg respectively according to the estimation in this report. Yet the patients fell into severe paralysis of voluntary movement accompanied by disturbance of speech and dyspnea. They subsequently recovered in a hospital aided by medical treatment.

著者

吉葉 繁雄

出版者

東京慈恵会医科大学

雑誌

一般研究(C)

巻号頁・発行日

1990

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1.山蛭生息密度の定点調査の継続により,活動期間が寒季側に延長し,12月1月にも採集され,それらが2月に産卵したのは寒冷に対する馴化と見られ,大繁殖終息の兆しはなく,生見域は拡大しつつある。2.大繁殖の要因として(1)シカを主とする野獣の人里出現(源樓地からの伝搬と供血),(2)山蛭の天敵は不在に等しいこと,(3)1984年頃の天候が山蛭の定着繁殖に適したこと;(1)の原因として(a)山林事情(薪炭の需要減でマテバシイ葉繁茂→日射遮断→地表食草不生育),(b)保護獣指定による頭数過密,(c)食性変化,(d)野犬の追撃から逃亡,等が判明。3.水樓昆虫コオイムシの山蛭捕食能力を確認,天敵は4種となったが,双方の生息密度比,遭遇頻度から,駆除には実質上は役立たない。4.ヒトの吸血被害時の最著症状は吸血痕からの出血時間の延長と凝固性喪失による1時間に及ぶ出血で,その後創囲皮内出血,〓痒,人により硬結が生ずるが,1%タンニン酸綿清拭,抗ヒスタミン軟膏塗布,カット絆貼付が有効な簡易必要処置となる。5.山蛭に吸血された人獣の血中には抗山蛭抗体ができ,吸血回数と共に増量,出血を緩和,吸血した山蛭に致死作用を発揮する。外国産別亜種による抗体も共通で,17年前の被害でも抗体価は維持されていた。6.山蛭生息域のシカの第3・4趾間には有穴性炎性腫瘤が形成されてその穴腔内には山蛭が潜居するほか,四肢遠位部全体で数十匹の吸血とは無関数に付着し,シカの恰も山蛭の固有宿主にような関係にある。7.山蛭生息密度は抗体による免疫学的間引きで制御されてもいる。8.鳥類は山蛭に好まれ,吸血による抗体はでき難いので,地上歩行種はヤマビルにとって安全な供血および伝搬宿主となりうる。9.山蛭の野外駆除には煙草葉熱湯浸漬液や硫酸ニコチン液,皮膚面からの除去には食塩末や各種の灰が有効で,全て殺蛭作用を示した。

著者

吉葉 繁雄

出版者

日本貝類学会

雑誌

貝類学雑誌 (ISSN:00423580)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.3, pp.215-253, 1965-12-30 (Released:2018-01-31)

著者

吉葉 繁雄

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.2, pp.565-572, 1984

被引用文献数

20

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<i>Conus</i>-sting, 55 cases, including 21 fatalities caused by about 20 species of <i>Conus</i> as of Aug. 1982. Among the 21 fatalities, 18 cases were caused by <i>C. geographus</i>. The fatality rate associated with this species has reached 55.3% in Japan and 66.7% in the world. <i>C. geographus</i> is therefore considered to be the most dangerous snail belonging to the genus <i>Conus</i>. This fact is also proven experimentally by comparison of the lethal dose within 1 hour (LD_1h) of the venom of this species (CGV) in various animals. Results show the values of LD_1h of crude CGV are 1.3mg/kg in mice, 4mg/kg in chickens and 0.09mg/kg in goldfishes. These values represent the lowest value of venoms in various species of <i>Conus</i> examined by the author.<br>However, it is impossible to estimate the lethal dose (even not LD_1h) in humans directly by means of experiment. Therefore the lethal dose for humans was estimated by means of 1) examination of the records of <i>Conus</i>-stings in the world and 2) measurement of the quantity of CGV thought to be injected into a victim by the snail.<br>1) From an analysis of the record of <i>Conus</i>-stings collected by Shirai (June 1982) and 3 cases investigated by the author (Sep. 1982) it can be concluded that <i>C. geographus</i> injects in one attack crude CGV in ammount corresponding to LD₇₀ in humans. Consequently, it was fatal in the cases of small men or children stung by large snails and death came within 40 minutes to 5 hours after the sting but larger men stung by smaller snails were saved.<br>2) It has already been proven by the author that <i>C. geographus</i> injects its venom only in the amount charged within a single radular tooth into the victim according to its predatory behavior. As a result of the measurement of the volume of capacity of a single radular tooth from <i>C. geographus</i> in several sizes, the amount of raw crude CGV which would be injected into a human was converted into 0.06 to 0.2mg in dry weight.<br>Thus the lethal dose of CGV in humans was estimated to be 1 to 3&mu;g/kg. However in 2 cases of <i>geographus</i> cone-stings which occured in Okinawa on Jul. 22 and Aug. 17 in 1982, both doses of CGV are presumed to be only 0.2 and 0.5&mu;g/kg respectively according to the estimation in this report. Yet the patients fell into severe paralysis of voluntary movement accompanied by disturbance of speech and dyspnea. They subsequently recovered in a hospital aided by medical treatment.

著者

吉葉 繁雄

出版者

東京慈恵会医科大学

雑誌

一般研究(C)

巻号頁・発行日

1995

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1.1985年,房総半島南部の外洋に面する天津小湊町(小湊と略記)に勃発したニホンヤマビル(ヒルと略記)の大繁殖はバイオハザードとして地域住民や旅行者に被害を与えつつ永続する気配を見せたので,1987年より小湊に観察調査用の定点(No.1〜9)を設定,年平均15.7(14〜18)回の頻度で生息密度調査を継続したところ,1992年まで増加したのち漸減に転じ,1995年には終息の兆しを見せ始めた。定点を拠点としての調査・実験により明らかにしたヒルの環境医動物学的諸特性および11年間の概要を総括すると次の通りである。2.ヒルの源棲地:小湊北部を占める内浦山県民の森や清澄山(大風沢川・神明川の上流域)と推定。3.異常大発生の要因:小湊の山林事情の変化(薪炭の需要激減で伐採されなくなったマテバシイの葉が繁茂,日光を遮り,餌となる下草が生えなくなる)により、野生のシカがヒルを伴って里へ降り,市街地を俳徊,ヒルを伝搬。ヒルを捕殺する天敵動物の不在も大発生を助長。4.シカとヒルとの特異関係:シカは,ヒルの諸種供血宿主中で伝搬の主役[免疫組織化学的に証明]で,寄生するヒルの固有宿主的役割を演じた。即ち,ヒルは通常の宿主には吸血時のみ付着するが,ヒルの繁殖旺盛の頃の小湊のシカにには,吸血せずに四肢遠位部特に第III・IV趾間や後面に数匹のヒルが付着し,蹄間には,有穴腫瘤が高頻度に存在して穴腔内にヒルが潜居し,ヒルはあたかもシカ固有の体表寄生虫的であった。蹄間有穴腫瘤とヒルの腫瘤内寄生は,小湊のシカに特有の現象で,春日山原始林,金華山などシカの群生地域にも見られなかった。5.厳寒期静居個体〔ヒルの地中越冬期間中の12月後半〜3月前半頃,地表の転石や落板の裏に付着・静居する大型個体〕の正体:シカに運ばれてきて満腹吸血して離脱したものと判明。6.抗山蛭抗体と免疫学的間引き:ヒルに反復吸血されたヒトと哺乳類には,吸血後の創痕からの出血時間延長と凝固阻害とが回復するとともに,殺蛭的に作用する抗体が血中に生じたが,鳥類では不明確[ELISA法]。この抗体は,野性ジカでは幼獣には検体されずに老成獣に顕著[Ouchterlony法]で,ヒルにとって幼獣は安全な食源でも老成獣吸血による免疫学的間引き由来の生息度調節が実在する筈。7.生息密度の低下の原因は未特定であるが,1993年以後のシカの生息頭数の減少,ヒル孵化時期の遅延,当年孵化仔数の減少;1994年以後の厳寒期シカ寄生ヒル・蹄間腫瘤の激減〜消失,ヒルの吸血(食餌ありつき)頻度の低下;1995年頭年末の厳寒期静居個体の消失が随伴した。免疫学的間引き,今冬の寒冷・乾燥気候も大発生の終息化を助長したと推定されるが,雨水の酸性傾向〔pH6.58(5.8〜8.4)海塩混入〔NaCl濃度67.99(10.51〜458.84)mg/l)は無影響と考えられた。8.今後の見込み:大発生は終息し,被害は殆どなくなるが,通常の生息域(分布地)となって時折姿が発見されたり,希に吸血される可能性もありうると予想される。9.対比のために踏査した遠隔のヒル生息域の動向:秋田県(1市2町)では激減,栃木県今市市では緩和,神奈川県丹沢,静岡県千頭・宮城県,金華山では依然活発である。

著者

浜田 篤郎 渡辺 直煕 山崎 洋次 吉葉 繁雄 小林 昭夫

出版者

日本衛生動物学会

雑誌

衛生動物 (ISSN:04247086)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.3, pp.279-280, 1990-09-15 (Released:2016-08-26)

被引用文献数

3 3

---

A 57-year-old woman experienced pain from foreign bodies in her oral cavity after eating raw squid. Examination of her oral cavity revealed 20-30 small foreign bodies embedded in the mucous membrane. After all the foreign bodies were pulled out, the pain was allayed and the wounds eventually healed. The foreign bodies, 5mm in length, were white and of elongated conical shape. Under microscopy, a large number of sperms was observed in the bodies. These foreign bodies were determined to be sperm-bags of the squid. It is supposed that this woman ate squid with spermatophores, thereafter sperm-bags were discharged from the spermatophores into her oral cavity. Although only a few similar cases heretofore have been found, it might increase among the Japanese who frequently eat raw squid.

著者

吉葉 繁雄 石井 美恵子

出版者

千葉大学

雑誌

千葉大学理学部海洋生態系研究センター年報 (ISSN:09166025)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, pp.61-64, 1992-03-31

著者

吉葉 繁雄

出版者

日本貝類学会

雑誌

貝類学雑誌Venus : the Japanese journal of malacology (ISSN:00423580)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.1, pp.8-9, 1962-08-25