著者

木下 秀明

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.1, pp.33-48, 2006 (Released:2008-01-25)

参考文献数

11

被引用文献数

1 1 1

---

This paper attempts to clarify the process of change from Gekiken and Kenjutsu to Kendo at the beginning of the 20th Century. The former two terms were widely used to mean swordsmanship with a bamboo sword. However, only the latter term is currently employed, despite the fact that it had been scarcely used at the time of the former two. At the end of the 19th Century, Gekiken was disliked by intellectuals because it marked a change from a real martial art to competition with a bamboo sword, and Kendo began to find favor instead of Gekiken even though the principle of Kendo had not been properly defined. In 1908, Shizuo Sakaguchi, a student, suggested that the concept of Kendo should consist of not only Kenjutsu training but also the mental discipline that is required for swordsmanship. However, his ideas did not gain immediate acceptance. In 1909, the Tokyo Higher Normal School changed the term Gekiken to Kendo, thus following the mainstream trend of adopting Kendo without any set idea of its content. Although in 1911 the Ministry of Education permitted Gekiken to be taught in secondary schools, the School intended to retain the term Kendo as a descriptor, and therefore it became necessary to properly define its content. Accordingly, Michiaki Nagai, the only professor of gymnastics at the School, emphasized the mental aspects of Kendo, as the suffix “-do” means “the way” for perfection of swordsmanship, as opposed to Gekiken and Kenjutsu, as the terms mean literally “hitting with” and “handling” a sword. The first special school for swordsmanship instructors was set up by the Ministry in 1911, and thereafter use of the term Kendo spread to all schools. The final aspect of this change of thought was the adoption of the term Budo instead of Bujutsu, meaning “martial art”, by the Great Japan Martial Virtue Association in 1919.

著者

木下 秀明

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.2, pp.151-163, 2006 (Released:2008-01-25)

参考文献数

28

---

Michiaki Nagai, the only professor of gymnastics (now known as physical education) at Tokyo Higher Normal School, was the only person who maintained that the aim of kendo (swordsmanship) should be not simply to advance its techniques but to build up spiritual ability through swordsmanship practice, taking the place of gekiken, a part of kenjutsu (swordsmanship), which was hitting practice with a bamboo sword. He first suggested this idea at the first special school for swordsmanship instructors selected from middle schools across Japan, held by the Ministry of Education in 1911. The aim of this article is to clarify when Nagai decided to change the name from gekiken to kendo by researching all of his articles and books describing martial arts, including swordsmanship, published from 1909, when he returned from abroad study, to 1915, when he wrote the foreword for kendo, the first great reference book for instructors, written by S. Takano, the swordsmanship instructor of the School. It is concluded that because Nagai did not have any idea about the name for swordsmanship with a bamboo sword at the beginning of his research, he used gekiken as the subject name for the School. However, he decided to use kendo instead of gekiken in August 1910, when the School adopted kendo as the subject name. As soon as the Ministry adopted gekiken as the official term for the school subject in July 1911, he acted publicly to use kendo for the School, in spite of the decision of the Ministry.

著者

木下 秀明

出版者

社団法人日本体育学会

雑誌

体育學研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.1, pp.33-48, 2006-01-10

---

This paper attempts to clarify the process of change from Gekiken and Kenjutsu to Kendo at the beginning of the 20th Century. The former two terms were widely used to mean swordsmanship with a bamboo sword. However, only the latter term is currently employed, despite the fact that it had been scarcely used at the time of the former two. At the end of the 19th Century, Gekiken was disliked by intellectuals because it marked a change from a real martial art to competition with a bamboo sword, and Kendo began to find favor instead of Gekiken even though the principle of Kendo had not been properly defined. In 1908, Shizuo Sakaguchi, a student, suggested that the concept of Kendo should consist of not only Kenjutsu training but also the mental discipline that is required for swordsmanship. However, his ideas did not gain immediate acceptance. In 1909, the Tokyo Higher Normal School changed the term Gekiken to Kendo, thus following the mainstream trend of adopting Kendo without any set idea of its content. Although in 1911 the Ministry of Education permitted Gekiken to be taught in secondary schools, the School intended to retain the term Kendo as a descriptor, and therefore it became necessary to properly define its content. Accordingly, Michiaki Nagai, the only professor of gymnastics at the School, emphasized the mental aspects of Kendo, as the suffix "-do" means "the way" for perfection of swordsmanship, as opposed to Gekiken and Kenjutsu, as the terms mean literally "hitting with" and "handling" a sword. The first special school for swordsmanship instructors was set up by the Ministry in 1911, and thereafter use of the term Kendo spread to all schools. The final aspect of this change of thought was the adoption of the term Budo instead of Bujutsu, meaning "martial art", by the Great Japan Martial Virtue Association in 1919.

著者

坂本 ゆかり 宮下 充正 木下 秀明

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

日本体育学会大会号 第33回(1982) (ISSN:24330183)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.89, 1982-10-15 (Released:2017-08-25)

著者

木下 秀明

出版者

社団法人日本体育学会

雑誌

日本体育学会大会号

巻号頁・発行日

no.48, 1997-08-29

著者

坂本 ゆかり 宮下 充正 木下 秀明

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

日本体育学会大会号 第34回(1983) (ISSN:24330183)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.109, 1983-08-18 (Released:2017-08-25)

著者

木下 秀明

出版者

スポーツ史学会

雑誌

スポーツ史研究 (ISSN:09151273)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, pp.49-54, 2005-03-20 (Released:2017-03-18)

著者

木下 秀明

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.2, pp.409-440, 2010

被引用文献数

1

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In 1903, the Japanese Ministry of Military Affairs revised the manual of military gymnastics, the so-called <i>taiso kyohan</i>. In 1913, the Ministry of Education formulated the syllabus of gymnastics to be taught in schools, <i>gakko taiso kyojyu yomoku</i>. It has generally been considered that this syllabus was based mainly on the Swedish system of gymnastics. In the present study, I set out to clarify whether many of the gymnastic exercises performed on apparatus (except for hand-tools) as specified in the manual were designed for secondary school boys in the syllabus. The period studied was that from the time when the report <i>taiso yugi torishirabe hokoku</i>, meaning &ldquo;an investigation of gymnastics, play and games in schools&rdquo; was published in 1905 by the research committee authorized by the Ministry of Education, until the publication of the 1913 syllabus. The Ministry of Education had planned the syllabus in response to a demand from the Ministry of Military Affairs to formulate a school gymnastics program based on military lines, because the report had proposed the abolition of military gymnastics in schools. My research involved not only the use of general documents but also analysis and comparison of tables describing each phase of the exercises published in the manual, the report itself, and the syllabus, in order to verify relationships among them.<br> Based on the available materials, I concluded it was far from certain that there had been an insistence to include military gymnastics in school gymnastics, in spite of the fact that some military gymnastic exercises were listed in the report. Accordingly, the Ministry of Military Affairs had requested the Ministry of Education to devise a school gymnastics program based on military lines. &ldquo;Heaving movements&rdquo;, a component of the original Swedish gymnastics, which had been translated as <i>jyoshi no undo</i>, meaning &ldquo;arm-movements&rdquo;, was divided into two parts in the syllabus. One was <i>jyoshi no undo</i>, meaning &ldquo;arm-movements&rdquo;, except for exercises performed on apparatus, and the other was the new term, <i>kensui undo</i>, meaning &ldquo;chin-up movements&rdquo;, which literally covered a broad range of exercises including chin-ups and pull-ups on gym apparatus, because the two terms <i>kensui undo</i> and <i>cyoyaku undo</i>, meaning &ldquo;jumping and vaulting movements&rdquo;, were necessary in order for the syllabus to comply with the demand for military gymnastics. Military gymnastics was one of two main gymnastic systems in the syllabus, because the two partitions were composed of military gymnastics, as was the case for Swedish gymnastics.<br>

著者

木下 秀明

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

日本体育学会大会号 第49回(1998) (ISSN:24330183)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.439, 1998-08-20 (Released:2017-08-25)

著者

木下 秀明

出版者

杏林書院

雑誌

体育の科学 (ISSN:00398985)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.4, pp.225-228, 1964-04

著者

木下 秀明

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

日本体育学会大会予稿集

巻号頁・発行日

vol.70, pp.99_1, 2019

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<p> 『体育・スポーツ書解題』は、1981年発行後38年を経過した。この間に確認した掲載漏れ図書は7冊である。この事実は、他にも掲載漏れがあることを示唆する。それは、どの程度であろうか。</p><p> 編集中の『稀覯体育スポーツ書集成:解説』には、新たに「体育スポーツ書発行年表」の掲載を意図し、上記7冊を加えるのは当然であるが、未見でも、かつて発行された可能性のある図書をも掲載することとした。</p><p> そこで、1883(明治16)年から発行された官報の「広告」欄に不定期で1899年まで掲載された「版権届/登録」欄の書名、編著者名、発行年を調査して『体育・スポーツ書解題』掲載書と照合した。其の結果について報告し、掲載漏れの原因について検討する他、官報掲載の書名通りに発行されたか否かについての疑義の論拠を提示する。</p>

著者

木下 秀明

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

日本体育学会大会予稿集

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, pp.88_3-88_3, 2016

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<p> 日本水泳連盟の前身である大日本水上競技聯盟(以下「水連」)は、大日本体育協会が競技団体連合体に改組するのを機に、1925(大正14)年4月24日に国際水泳競技界を念頭に置いて設立された。これに対し、その半年後の同年10月1日に武道である日本泳法の競技としての向上普及を目指して発足したのが、日本游泳聯盟(以下[游連」)で、隅田川水練場の系譜とされる。文部省が学生参加を事実上禁止した1926年の第3回明治神宮競技大会「水上競技」では、その準備委員の主体は水連ではなく游連であって、プログラムは、前回実施種目を踏襲した第1部と新規の日本泳法種目だけの第2部の二本立てとされた。ともに創立間もない時期にあった水連と游連とは、甲乙つけがたい存在だったのである。しかし、游連は1930年以降神宮大会運営から除外され、水連との協調にも失敗して弱小団体化した。その終焉は不明であるが、1941年には日本泳法の競泳と競技の第14回大会を開催している。水連は1931年に標準泳法を制定し、1933年に水泳史研究会を発足させた。発表では、これが、游連を意識しての措置であったことを明らかにする。</p>

著者

木下 秀明

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.2, pp.151-163, 2006

---

Michiaki Nagai, the only professor of gymnastics (now known as physical education) at Tokyo Higher Normal School, was the only person who maintained that the aim of <i>kendo</i> (swordsmanship) should be not simply to advance its techniques but to build up spiritual ability through swordsmanship practice, taking the place of <i>gekiken</i>, a part of <i>kenjutsu</i> (swordsmanship), which was hitting practice with a bamboo sword. He first suggested this idea at the first special school for swordsmanship instructors selected from middle schools across Japan, held by the Ministry of Education in 1911. The aim of this article is to clarify when Nagai decided to change the name from <i>gekiken</i> to <i>kendo</i> by researching all of his articles and books describing martial arts, including swordsmanship, published from 1909, when he returned from abroad study, to 1915, when he wrote the foreword for <i>kendo</i>, the first great reference book for instructors, written by S. Takano, the swordsmanship instructor of the School. It is concluded that because Nagai did not have any idea about the name for swordsmanship with a bamboo sword at the beginning of his research, he used <i>gekiken</i> as the subject name for the School. However, he decided to use <i>kendo</i> instead of <i>gekiken</i> in August 1910, when the School adopted <i>kendo</i> as the subject name. As soon as the Ministry adopted <i>gekiken</i> as the official term for the school subject in July 1911, he acted publicly to use <i>kendo</i> for the School, in spite of the decision of the Ministry.

著者

木下 秀明

出版者

社団法人日本体育学会

雑誌

日本体育学会大会号

巻号頁・発行日

no.29, 1978-12-17

著者

木下 秀明

出版者

社団法人日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.3, pp.259-273, 2005-05

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Until about 1920, swordsmanship was known as kenjyutsu or gekiken (gekken). Now, however, it is well known as kendo. This article attempts to clarify the reasons why kendo took the place of kenjyutsu. As the Japanese Ministry of Education first adopted gekiken in 1911 as a field of gymnastics, the Ministry ran a special school for swordsmen selected from middle schools across the entire country. Such a move was necessary because most swordsmen were not qualified as school instructors. Fortunately, a book written by a participant who recorded the lectures from this special school remains. From the manuscript, it is clear that, despite the fact that swordsmanship which consisted of fencing with bamboo swords was renamed gekiken, the Ministry instructed that the aim of swordsmanship practice was not to advance its techniques, but to build up spiritual endurance. A lecturer at the school, Sasaburo Takano, the first swordsmanship instructor at the Tokyo Higher Normal School, did not comment about the naming of swordsmanship, because he used both the terms bujyutsu (martial arts including kenjyutsu) and budo (martial arts including kendo) to describe the relationship between practice and the aim of martial arts. However, it is very interesting that another lecturer at the school, Michiaki Nagai, who was the only professor of gymnastics, argued that because the characters geki and ken emphasised technique over spirituality, gekiken should not be used at all. Thus what he emphasised was not gekiken but kendo.

著者

木下 秀明

出版者

社団法人日本体育学会

雑誌

体育學研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.2, pp.151-163, 2006-03-10

---

Michiaki Nagai, the only professor of gymnastics (now known as physical education) at Tokyo Higher Normal School, was the only person who maintained that the aim of kendo (swordsmanship) should be not simply to advance its techniques but to build up spiritual ability through swordsmanship practice, taking the place of gekiken, a part of kenjutsu (swordsmanship), which was hitting practice with a bamboo sword. He first suggested this idea at the first special school for swordsmanship instructors selected from middle schools across Japan, held by the Ministry of Education in 1911. The aim of this article is to clarify when Nagai decided to change the name from gekiken to kendo by researching all of his articles and books describing martial arts, including swordsmanship, published from 1909, when he returned from abroad study, to 1915, when he wrote the foreword for kendo, the first great reference book for instructors, written by S. Takano, the swordsmanship instructor of the School. It is concluded that because Nagai did not have any idea about the name for swordsmanship with a bamboo sword at the beginning of his research, he used gekiken as the subject name for the School. However, he decided to use kendo instead of gekiken in August 1910, when the School adopted kendo as the subject name. As soon as the Ministry adopted gekiken as the official term for the school subject in July 1911, he acted publicly to use kendo for the School, in spite of the decision of the Ministry.

著者

木下 秀明

出版者

社団法人日本体育学会

雑誌

体育學研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.6, pp.357-366, 1973-03-25

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明治24年に設立された日本体育会は, 大正3年の経済的危機にいたるまで, 唯一の民間体育団体として, 社会体育と学校体操指導者養成に多大の貢献をしている. その創立期から最盛期を経て衰退期にむかう間の本会の活動についての概観である. 1.退役下士官日高藤吉郎による日本体育会の創立とその概要 2.創立期の活動である体育場, 運動会, 体操練習所, 体育講演会, 体育雑誌の刊行についての概説 3.閑院宮を総裁とし社団法人となって, 各地に支会を置いた日本体育会の発展状況 4.最盛期の活動である体操学校, 夏期講習会, 模範体操場とそのクラブ, 運動場開放, 内国勧業博覧会参加, 兵事講習会など中央での概況と地方支会の活動状況の数量的一覧 5.日本体育会の国際的地位の例示 6.日本体育会の衰退の概観