著者

湯澤 規子

出版者

政治経済学・経済史学会

雑誌

歴史と経済 (ISSN:13479660)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, no.3, pp.4-17, 2020-04-30 (Released:2022-04-30)

参考文献数

62

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In the modern era, the rise of industry, the birth of workers, and the rapid influx of population led to the formation of new industrial communities, which in turn caused a reorganization of “life” and “labor” according to a logic and system different than those that had previously obtained. The purpose of this study is to focus on this reorganization process and to clarify how work and life were understood, and by whom, and what position they occupied in the newly prevailing logic and systems. The research examines Japan and America during the Industrial Revolution.Principally, the study examines who organized the “life” and “labor” of workers and how the reproduction of labor was accomplished. Specifically, it analyzes three categories of historical material : (1) Japanese “factory statistics”, historical materials from textile factories, and surveys by prefectural bureaus on social matters ; (2) the historical documents of textile factories in Lowell, Massachusetts, and of the Women’s Educational and Industrial Union, Boston (WEIU) ; (3) Life and Labor, the journal of the National Women’s Union Trade League established in 1903.Chapter II focuses on the formation of industrial areas in modern Japan and clarifies their regional characteristics. It reconstructs the world of daily life of male and female workers, notably in Tokyo’s Fukagawa district. Chapter Ⅲ considers the different factors among men and women influencing the reorganization of life and labor in modern Japan, focusing on historical changes in the lives of female workers.Chapters Ⅳ and Ⅴ examines textile production areas in the state of Massachusetts in 18th‒ and 19th‒century America. Comparing these cases with those of Japanese female workers in their factories, the paper analyzes the world of women working in Lowell’s textile factories (Chapter Ⅳ). Next, it discusses changes in the labor market and local communities beginning in the mid‒19th century, when the number of migrant workers increased due to the women’s labor movement (Chapter Ⅴ).Based on this research on Japan and the United States, Chapter Ⅵ shows that the actors who reorganized workers’ lives and work differed in the two cases. A discussion follows of the background for these differences, and the paper concludes with a presentation of the significance of and prospects for discussing “living” as an aspect of political‒economic history.

著者

湯澤 規子

出版者

公益社団法人 日本地理学会

雑誌

地理学評論 Ser. A (ISSN:00167444)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.74, no.5, pp.239-263, 2001-05-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

30

被引用文献数

1

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本稿では生産者の生活と紬生産との関わりを視野に入れて,結城紬生産地域における機渥の家族内分業の役割を明らかにすることを目的とした.その際,織り手の生活と紬生産の全体像をとらえるため,ライフヒストリーを分析対象とし,考察を進めた.結城紬生産地域では, 1980年頃まで年間約3万反に及ぶ結城紬が安定的に生塵されてきた.そこでは,生産関連業者が原料や製品の流通,加工を分業しており,さらに機屋と呼ばれる製織業者における生産工程は家族内分業によって担われている.機屋においては「織り」,「緋括り」,「下椿え」という三っの生産工程が存在し,妻が織り,世帯主が緋を括り,世帯主の父母が下持えに従事するというような家族内分業がみられる.結城紬の生産工程はすべてが手作業で行われ,緋括りや織りなど,特定の技能が要求される.家族内分業は,緋の括り具合や糸の織り込み具合など,生産者一人ひとりが持っ技能上の特徴に規定されており,その特徴は生産者の間でお互いに把握されていることが重要である.また,家族構成員の数や構成員それぞれの性別,年齢の違いなどは家族内における紬の生産環境に影響を与えており,それによって家族内分業にも違いがみられる.紬生産に従事している家は,農作業や家庭内で営まれる家事・育児を含めた労働力需要を家族労働力で調節する中で紬生産を行っている.長期的にみれば,家族構成員の出生や死亡,就学,就職,結婚などによって変動する家族労働力構成に対応して,紬の生産形態を変化させる例もみられる.本稿ではそのような生活と紬生産間の調節を家族内分業の柔軟性によるものと考えた.家族内分業には上記のような,農作業や家事労働との調節が含まれているため,紬生産の経営形態転換時においても,農作業や家事に従事する家族労働力の有無が直接的に影響を及ぼしていた.そのため,経営形態転換時の対応は各機屋ごとに多様であった.各機屋の多様な動向は,経営転換,廃業という行動が,外部からの経済的影響によって生じるというよりは,外部からの経済的影響がある中で,さらに各機屋が有する家族的な条件に規定されて生じていることを示している.

著者

湯澤 規子

出版者

日本農業史学会

雑誌

農業史研究 (ISSN:13475614)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, pp.23-38, 2017 (Released:2018-04-01)

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This paper examines fertilizer material circulation through the analysis of fertilization technology in everyday life and presents some insights into its usage in different parts of society. With the advent of the modern era, rapid modernization, and population explosion, night soil usage and human waste treatment facilities exist side by side. The circulation of fertilizer from farm villages to urban areas and back to farm villages was accomplished in four phases. In the first phase, in 1900, the government began to participate in the treatment of human waste. As a result of this, farmers could no longer get free night soil. However, farmers continued to restore night soil to agricultural land. In the second phase, the city of Nagoya began to process human waste into ammonium sulfate because of the city’s expansion and innovations in chemical fertilizer processing plants. But, as this business did not produce a profit, the plant was closed because of the noxious odors it produced. However, there was an increasing demand for night soil in order to recover its nutrients to produce fertilizer for year-round vegetable cultivation. Also, advances in technology, storage, and human waste fertilization were made possible by vast scientific improvements. In 1921, with the third phase, Nagoya again started to treat human waste. No longer did the human waste market lose value because of the increase in population and the resultant surplus of human waste. On the other hand, in farm villages, utilization of night soil reduced the amount of money expended for agricultural fertilizer expenses. It stabilized the farmers’ economy. Nagoya, in the 1930s, again tried to build a sewage treatment plant. However, because of the financial panic, the demand for a self-supplied fertilizer increased again, and the sewage treatment plant ran into difficulties. So, the use of night soil in farming areas was reestablished and the process came full circle.

著者

湯澤 規子

出版者

公益社団法人 日本地理学会

雑誌

地理学評論 Series A (ISSN:18834388)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.88, no.3, pp.291-292, 2015-05-01 (Released:2019-10-05)

参考文献数

4

著者

湯澤 規子

出版者

日本農業史学会

雑誌

農業史研究 (ISSN:13475614)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.49, pp.41-58, 2015 (Released:2017-03-23)

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As a case study of the Bisai textile and industrial areas of the Taisho era from the Meiji period, this paper will examine the interaction between agriculture and the textile industry in order to sketch the formation process of this industrial area. First, there is a structural transformation of the textile industry, starting from the late 19th century. Since the early modern period, the Bisai cotton fabric industry thrived as a household industry, and grew with the introduction of the factory machine loom beginning at the end of the 19th century. Then, in particular as a response to the First World War, which resulted in a new market for uniforms and military blankets, production was converted from cotton fabric to wool. When the factories were established, a lot of female workers gathered. Such production not only resulted in secure labor, but it also increased the demand for food with the rising number of workers leaving farms. The demand for fuel for use in textile production and cooking also increased. Second, there is an important relationship between agriculture and the textile industry. The development of vegetable cultivation was observed near rural factories and cities in Aichi Prefecture. Night soil, which has been indispensable in the development of vegetable cultivation, was supplied from the city, parade ground and factories. The cultivation of rice and wheat experienced chronic labor shortages and soaring labor costs as a result of the flow of the workforce from agriculture to industry. Thus agriculture in the region in the Taisho period was heavily influenced by the development of commerce and industry, especially the textile industry. Such socio-economic change not only affected Bisai, but characterizes the formative years of industrial areas in Japan as a whole. There was an increased demand for labor in agriculture and industry, as well as for food, fuel and fertilizer. Thus, there was a profound interrelationship between the transformations occurring in industry and the surrounding rural area.